Total Insect Killer Review

New state of the European airline industry

The liberalization of the airline industry in Europe in the mid-90 caused two effects: firstly, the traditional companies (British Airways, Air France, Alitalia, KLM, Iberia ...) is not competed yes, respecting other markets, on the other, using deregulation, new companies emerged that gained market share at first by the low price of their tickets. This really has caused major changes in the major airlines that have had to carry out restructuring, promotion, price reduction ... In addition, at the national level should take into account the expansion of the Barajas airport and El Prat airport opening Don Quixote in Ciudad Real and expanding the network of high speed trains, many variables to be considered for (...) With the same problem the following review aims to provide an overview of the new situation.

Iberia and British Airways that three years ago they had announced an alliance of large joint projects have revealed the freezing of this idea, arguing that the companies should concentrate their efforts on restructuring processes in which are immersed. Offensive to the low cost airlines and rising oil prices have opted to slow down the process, considering that "before shaking the agreement, each company must be stronger," as stated Jordi Porcel, head of BA in Spain and Portugal.
The idea was to expand the flight characteristics of the Madrid-Barcelona-London London (Code-sharing, joint management and revenue sharing and benefits) to other lines. But the emergence of low cost airlines, is causing a radical transformation in the sector, putting in trouble incumbents and forcing them to make strategic plans. The Master Plan for Iberia, which ends in 2008, aims to improve operating margin by 600 million euros, while the business plan for British Airways plans to save 651 million euros and goes through 4 basic objectives: 1) investing 589 million euros to modernize the Club World Business Class (business class) and deslazarse at Heathrow's Terminal 5 2 º) to reduce 600 jobs managerial positions (35% of them) so to save 73 million euros a year. 3 º) renaming the subsidiary British Airways CitiExpress under the name of BA Connect to compete more aggressively with low-cost carriers 4 º) delaying the retirement age for pilots 5 years, reaching 60 to thereby reduce the deficit of 2,000 million euros of corporate pension plan, delaying the retirement of the crew from age 55 to 65 and the ground staff of the current 60 to 65. It also aims to limit annual growth to 2.5% pension


Vueling is a Catalan company of low cost who settled in the market in 2004 to offer flights with a top-flight service, besides being the first to assign seats via the Internet, an option taken by 70% of passengers (96 % as the CEO of the entity). Its main gimmick is the fleet of aircraft, A-320, which consume 30% less fuel. With an initial investment of 30 million euros and a capital increase by the same amount of revenues of 136 million euros in 2005, over 20 million above its estimates and 6 times more than the results obtained in 2004. According to the Secretary of State, Ministry of Tourism and Commerce is the company airline with the most growth for that year, with passenger growth of 400% and 500% in revenue. By 2006, increase the number of A-320-16 incorporating 7 new aircraft will expand the workforce in proportion going from 402 to 825 and launch at least nine new domestic and international routes as they seek to obtain an income of 260 million euros. In 2007 completed its initial plans fleet expansion, reaching 25 aircraft. The success of your business relies on being a low cost but with services that are not normally associated with them: newspapers, food (paying), new aircraft and pilots.


Founded in 1987, Spanair was erected in a few years in the second airline in Spain. Spanair has increased in 2005 for domestic flights (getting a turnover of 995 million euros) thus undermining the traditional English airline, Iberia. Before the offensive Aeball Air Plus Airlines, Aerolineas Argentinas, Air Pullmantur, Austral, AeroPeru and Spanair, belonging to the group Marsans , with a fleet of 140 aircraft, very close to that of Iberia, it had to enter a war rate, leading to reduce the price of their tickets by 50% and must undertake various promotional campaigns. Therefore, it was reduced turnover in the domestic market by 1.9%, representing 1,238 million euros. The company offset this decline with income growth of 5.3% (to 1,120 million euros) for flights to Europe, Africa and the Middle East and 13'1% (1,252 million euros) lines long distance, mainly to Latin America, destination you want to focus Iberia reducing the number of domestic flights by 2008 it was impossible to compete with low cost companies. This decision is anticipated to events, but perhaps it is a good option to know the effects of low-cost carriers were in the United Kingdom, where they swept British Airways on the routes that had been doing historically. Nevertheless, Iberia ended the year 2005 with 398'5 million euros, 99'5% more than in 2004 due to the added value achieved through the sale of its shares in the central reservation and Savia Amadeus.


Although will never fly Ryanair to Madrid, and he is not interested in major airports, it could do Easyjet already done 25% of its business in Spain. The opening of the new terminal 4 of Barajas is a good opportunity for authorities to arise if they are interested in becoming a hotbed of cheap flights, which Barcelona and is counting with Easyjet and Vueling. Easyjet has Madrid as its first candidate European to its new location on the continent before 2007 to consider the European city with the greatest growth potential for low cost. His intention is to open 3 8 international and domestic routes with a traffic volume of one million passengers the first year and expand within 3 to 5 years to 30 destinations with traffic close to 3 million. The company estimates that the impact on gross regional product would be 600 million per year with the creation of 9,000 jobs directly and indirectly. Another possible impact to the entrance of the company under cost in Madrid, specializing in business travel would be the seasonality of tourism.

With the new situation in the aviation sector, Iberia had to consider a Plan , as between 2006 and 2008, which aims to increase revenue, increase productivity and reduce costs. It prioritizes the improvement of the current network vs. growth.
measures to be undertaken are: adapt the size and presence to profitability, improve management, efficiency and competitiveness, optimize fleet use, maintenance and utilization, improve staff productivity and reducing costs Unit labor, optimize revenue for each business segment to maintain the distinction between Business and Economy Class, but by enhancing the quality as a way to capture high-value customers. In fact, introduce a new class called Business Plus that unfolds in a series of flight services has already begun to be fruitful, boost business traffic to Latin America because of its competitive advantages, increasing the number of places offered coach class by replacing the current seats by less bulky, increase direct sales from the current 18.5 to 37% reduction in staff in all areas of the company, staff due to its excessive size and the freezing of salaries of the "survivors" and salaries linked to the achievement of results; outsource low value-added processes and automating tasks, enhancing services to third in the maintenance of engines and components, increased use of new technologies in terms of self-billing and online billing concerns, and increasing the hours of flight time by reducing the scale and expectation.

Bussines Plus The new class will seats convertible into beds of 190 cm long with massage function and all an array of amenities and utilities for business trips: armrest, leg rest and adjustable headrests, individual lights, adjustable touch screen 10.4''individual, individual satellite phone, laptop, email, SMS, 26 video channels and 15 audio ... Just as a self-service bar area, updating designs and materials (upholstery, blankets, toiletries ...) and other privileges. The investment exceeds one hundred million euros.
However, if you are critical of the measures, anyone can grasp that this is not any counter-attack but simply Iberia assumed its inability to compete with low cost companies and is resigned to specialize in long-haul and high net worth clients.

Iberia has not only launched the price war , but more recently it has decided to join the low cost. After starting talks with Iberostar last January to jointly participate in the creation of a new low cost airline, on 26 April revealed details on the alliance to be carried out and that would have a powerful base of operations in Barcelona. According to Angel Muller, CEO of Iberia, the official launch of the project could occur later this year or early 2007. However, the main low cost companies predict the failure of this project.

In one of the most important times for the sector-Easter- a further rise of oil prices has been noted on the tickets. These have been increased the amount since the airlines have decided to pass on the increase as aforesaid. Thus, Iberia and Spanair have included a charge of 10 euros on domestic routes, Iberia has increased the existing rate of 10 euros on domestic flights as part of an international connection to 15 euros, two more (to 60) on intercontinental flights, keeping only the rate of European flights by 20 euros. Air Europa has increased the price of its domestic routes 9 and 56 euros in the Intercontinental, plus a surcharge of 10 euros if the flight makes a stop in Madrid.

A week later, the airline is expanding the surcharge (between 10 and 20 €) to the European routes, while Air Europa and Iberia declare that they plan to revise the price of their tickets to the upside, at least "with immediate effect" .

On 21 April the British English Airways said it would increase the fuel surcharge for tickets at 5 pounds, 35 pounds to reach the long distance path and maintain the 8-pound fee on short flights. With this, the airline's commercial director Martin George
, estimated up the bill this fiscal year to 2,200 million pounds, instead of the originally planned 2,000 million. George said that with the current oil prices (above $ 70 a barrel) in fuel costs would amount to 1,600 million pounds, making it necessary for both the increase of the supplement.

in Spain and Europe's low cost carriers now account for 20% of the share market. It then presents a list of the leading European flights by offering seats in 2005:
1 º RyanAir with 40,039
2 º Easyjet with 35,829
3 º Air Berlin with 17,261
4 th Air One with 7,539
5 º Eurowings with 6,709
6 º Meridiana 6212
7 º Deutsche BA in 5757
8 º Flybe to 5,408
9 º Bmibaby with 5,098
10 º Sterling 5,046
11 º Hapag-Lloyd Espress with 4,444
12 º Norwegian Air Schuttle with 4,156
13 º Transavia with 3,670

For Spain, Iberia controls a 51% share, behind, Spanair and Air Europa with 20 and 13% respectively.



Bibliography: Expansion Journal

http://www.elblogsalmon.com/
http://grupo.iberia.es/

Darmowe Fora Bez Reklamy

influence of new technologies in the workplace

One aspect crucial for those who today are profoundly changing the characteristics of the job, working conditions, work experiences, and even the very concept of work is increasing technological innovation, both in production processes of goods and service management is taking place today. In a simple, technological change can be considered as increased automation, from the 60's, the work processes. This change is the rapid advance of computer and telecommunication technologies. For example, the work machine is an increase in autonomy and the complexity of the task while freeing the worker from more routine tasks allowing you more specialized and significant.
The progressive introduction of new technologies results in employees being involved in their management, because they need to perform their jobs. Attitudes towards ICT's are important because they predict the behavior of use and effectiveness of computer use. Results obtained depend on 1) the longer of use, improved attitudes, 2) a higher level of knowledge and training, greater awareness of its usefulness for the task 3) to more training for the management of technological systems developed in the job itself , more positive attitude 4) worse if proliferate emotional reactions like fear or anxiety (beneficial if it leads to attraction, interest ...) or responses such as stress and headache, plus any changes that occur in the workplace can be stressful, especially technological change given its newness 5) as the personal characteristics of young people show more favorable attitudes, while by gender data are not conclusive.

NEW FORMS OF WORK
With new technologies there are new configurations of the working environment. They both have information management and a breakdown of traditional patterns temporary (part-time sharing, flexible hours) and spatial patterns (telecommuting, work at home). Thus, new forms of work such as:
- Teleworking: In this way, the work is far from the headquarters of the company. This brings advantages such as cost savings (in local, lighting, cleaning ...) for the company, reduced absenteeism, more efficient use of time, greater autonomy, greater flexibility to adapt the schedule of leisure activities, better facilities for the care of the family or increased job satisfaction, but also includes certain disadvantages: it decreases social interaction, difficult to coordinate activities, causes changes in monitoring and control systems and finally, change the conditions of work, at home may not be the most appropriate.
- Distributed Work Groups: These are a new form of collaborative work by geographically dispersed work groups, without having to hold face to face meetings. They rely on multiple communications between different computer-assisted places (Eg, by teleconference) and the use of any network or sending and reception of audiovisual signals (such as videoconferencing). This is called Cooperative Systems for Workgroups (GCWS) for those who have developed advanced software products that facilitate planning meetings and decision-making processes in groups, called Systems Group Decision Support (GDSS).

CHANGES IN THE LABOUR MARKET
The automation of work seems to lead to increased unemployment rates in the near future, while long-term economic growth could occur leading to increased employment. What es cierto es que las TIC’s posibilitan una mayor flexibilización e integración de los procesos de producción lo que supone un abandono de la organización fondista y taylorista del trabajo y la búsqueda y utilización de otras más adecuadas para un mercado laboral más flexible.
La introducción de las nuevas tecnologías produce un reajuste de la fuentes de empleo, esto es, el empleo se concentra en los sectores tecnológicamente avanzados y se cree que en los próximos años aparecerán nuevos puestos industriales en empresas consideradas de alta tecnología. Además, el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías puede ser bueno debido al constante producción del Software, que requiere el trabajo systems analysts, programmers, operators and, in general, employment in occupations related to information processing and management. WORK CLIMATE

The working environment is a subjective perception on the set of attributes of the work environment. This can be analyzed from two perspectives: from the point of view of the company and from the standpoint of the individual:
- From the point of view of the company: there are a number of structural and contextual elements that influence the company in the organizational environment: 1) Size: We present an external factor. Is negatively correlated with the degree of employee satisfaction with the activities carried -The larger the organization, fewer tasks per worker, the attraction to other members, the larger, less attractive, "and positively with the perception of inflexibility, the larger, less likely to innovate, change the rules. ..- and bureaucratization of the organization. In conclusion, very large companies is not usually perceived a good working atmosphere [See Annex] 2) Specialization of the task: it shows a negative relationship, as it is associated with more routine, more boredom ... Thus, decentralization may be beneficial in that the worker has a relative autonomy to do their jobs, which will also further increased cohesion, affection, support and openness in situations of conflict. 3) The management and leadership styles: According to Litwin formal and bureaucratic style with emphasis on the formalization and hierarchy produces "a restrictive climate, cold conservative" pro marked isolation and avoidance of conflict. However, a participative style with emphasis on structure, informal relations and friendly cooperation, produced "an atmosphere relaxed, friendly, very informal and personally satisfying." but do which of the two gives better results? If you want to get is maximum performance, it is best use the formal style because it makes workers more productive. But if it is to allow the workers to remain at the company and are satisfied with their job, they used the participatory approach which requires job level and relies on a personal level. An achievement-oriented style and achievement, where high values \u200b\u200bproductivity, innovation and creativity produced a climate in which there is warm relationships, responsibility, rewards and support. The climate is seen as poorly structured, which rewards individual initiative.
- From the standpoint of the individual, the weather is not a good predictor of the type of conduct that members will develop: there is good weather does not necessarily cause the subjects to work harder or better, on the contrary, it is found that bad weather in the individual discourage work by reducing their effort and increasing their desire to leave the company. As an example of the influence of climate, a study was conducted at the Hawthorne factory of the Western Electric Company in 1924. Harvard researchers wanted to study the relationship between illumination and efficiency. To this end, increased light, and observed how effectively workers improve their efficiency. For the same group of people, declined to very low levels of light and found that, contrary to expectations, the effectiveness continued to grow. This is because workers were proud of being studied and therefore tried to impress by being more productive. However, after a time, employees became accustomed to the presence of researchers, declining production to baseline levels. This became known as "Hawthorne effect" and comes on to explain that there was a change in the behavior of the workers before the introduction of a new treatment, usually a new or increased attention away to the extent that such treatment is no longer novel . MOTIVATION

born in 1881 the first school of professional management at the University of Pennsylvania at a time when the U.S. began to appear large companies with many employees that creates the need for management to divide and coordinate the various departments. Two years later, Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) began experiments on two steel mills where he developed his philosophy of "scientific management" supported on assembly lines based on skilled labor workers. This brought various consequences: first there was more in less time and better quality, but the workers lost interest in tasks given the monotonicity of them.
In 1911, Hugo Munsterberg , considered by many the father of industrial psychology, warned the managers of the importance of regarding the minds of workers, such as fatigue, monotony, interest, enthusiasm for learning, job satisfaction or reward. Taylor for his part, was the one who made the first reasonably understandable in management philosophies. Redesign the job to achieve greater results for the company and higher wages for workers. In 1903 he published a book called Shop Management in which he explained that managers should encourage workers to prevent the natural tendencies of these "cogieran it easy." Published in 1911 The main I Scientific Management, in which its key principles were the scientific design of working methods to increase the effectiveness and the selection of the best workers they had to train with the best methods. As a mechanical engineer, his main comments focused on the industrial sector. For instance, showed workers how to handle heavy ingots more productively using the breaks: he taught them when to work and when to rest by increasing the productivity of 12.5 to 47 tons moved in a day, representing an increase rather than remarkable. In turn, there was less fatigue and, although they increased wages, costs dropped to one third of a ton.
In 1933 Elton Mayo warned the existence of informal groups and their effects on production, the importance of attitude with employees while maintaining a friendly and comprehensive monitoring and treating people as people and not just human capital.
Among the existing theories and accepted, is that of Abraham H. Maslow who developed a hierarchy of needs of 5 types so that until they meet the needs of an order does not feel the need to satisfy the following in the hierarchy. These needs form a pyramid at whose base are physiological needs. These are the first priority of individuals and are related to survival, would be food, water, air, rest, shelter ... Once these basic needs, people would worry about the security of keeping the lows and not feel threatened by environmental circumstances. After this step would be the social acceptance, which refers to social needs and the feeling of belonging to a group. Is associated with emotional relationships and the need for love and affection. The fourth step is composed of self-esteem needs, ie the feeling of being respected and have the confidence and the estimation group others in the form of reputation, social status, recognition or importance. Finally, at the top, would the needs of self, that is, the desire of individuals to perform to their full potential.
This theory, despite being widespread, also has some criticism, as not always satisfied needs are less important than the unmet or it is not always necessary to cover the lower needs for higher spending to cover.
Meanwhile, McGregor Maslow integrates into 3 levels: physiological and safety needs, social needs and self-actualization needs. Thus, once covered basic needs, the company must establish a new climate for the satisfaction of higher needs. Thus, the organization is to guide individuals to achieve their own goals and personal growth while direct their efforts toward organizational objectives.
On the other hand, justice and equity theory argues that motivation is a process of social comparison which takes into account the effort and results or rewards received and then compared with the efforts of others. As a result, there is a perception of equity or inequity (justice or injustice). Inequity creates a tension that drives a person to try to reduce this imbalance.
Another theory is that made by Herzberg considering that there are two factors that explain the motivation of workers: those related to the work and its contents (responsibility, autonomy, recognition, interesting work ...) and related to the context in which work is performed and the treatment received (working conditions, wages, social ...). Thus, managers of teams should be amended so that they get a proper motivation of its workers.
The motivation, according Vroom is the result of the value the individual puts on the possible outcomes of their actions and the expectation of its objectives. This theory emphasizes the individuality and variability of the motivating forces, unlike Maslow's theory implicitly generalizes.
theory McClelland believes that the needs of people learning the culture of a society. This is a factor explaining the differences between occupational demands in different countries. For example, in China the wage is very low and can basically meet the primary needs and their strikes are based on work to show the employer what they can do. This approach is unthinkable in Europe, where the satisfaction of basic needs is somewhat insufficient to feel fulfilled. Therefore, the requirements also vary with individuals, also have a strong cultural influence.
The culmination of this relationship of theories about motivation, I would add the theory of complex man Shein, who believes that while individuals tend to meet a number of needs-a basic and other higher-order, the needs met may recur, may change and may be replaced by others. That is, the needs are not only different for different people, but they are also different for the same person as the time or circumstances. Hence the complexity in dealing workers and communication needs to know in every moment of their concerns and needs.


extrinsic motivational factors, ie, dependent on the attitude of the company (refer to the intrinsic content of the work itself) are:
- Employment stability: it will be a motivating factor if the person has such stability the feeling of being competent, that their efforts contribute in some way to the company. That is, job stability is a potential motivating factor.
- Opportunities for advancement and promotion, these opportunities are associated with greater expectation of employment status and social recognition skill, effort of the subject, higher incomes, increased job responsibility and autonomy and the possibility of making tasks more interesting and meaningful. However, this is not motivating for everyone because some people do not want to see increased responsibilities
- Conditions of work: they are all circumstantial aspect that occurs in the workplace, both physical and environmental factors temporary circumstances under which workers perform their work, ie all those elements that are placed around the work without the work itself, all factors that surround it. Would include the availability of material resources and technical knowledge, good physical working conditions (lighting, space, ventilation ...) and time (usually preferred schedules compatible with leisure activities, for example, the Nokia company philosophy is that people feel responsible so you have to do and not so much times, as stated Marieta del Rivero, CEO of the English branch-).
- Ability to participate in the work: the opportunity to participate in the work can become an instrument to meet the needs of self, increasing the sense of competence and personal control. It can also increase the chances of achieving goals, facilitate the identification with corporate objectives and promote a greater involvement in their achievement. However, such participation must be voluntary, since if it is perceived as imposed decrease motivation.
- Social Environment: Refers to the opportunities it can offer the job to interact with peers, customers ... Social interaction is to some a highly valued because it satisfies needs for affiliation and social contact. Here, too, would reflect the motivational characteristics of the working groups as they work together in a group cohesion, participation, collaboration, common goal setting and the generation of interpersonal needs.
- Compensation: Although an important motivational aspect is difficult to determine the potential motivations for people. The money you want because it serves to obtain material goods and to provide social status and prestige. At first, it will be a motivating factor, since it is necessary to meet basic needs and safety. But after reaching an average level of living, salary will not be perceived as a motivating factor, since people may prefer to enjoy what we have to work harder to try to obtain something that sucks. In the end, a person earning a million a day, I will do better with the promise of two. Ie, where a time of high solvency, are other factors such as prestige or recognition those carrying an individual to work.
Therefore, the degree of job satisfaction will be related to a wide range of factors: the degree of autonomy, responsibility for tasks or individuals, the degree of importance of decision making, applied skills, expectations of promotion and business development, personal, work climate ...


APPENDIX: MOTIVATION IN BIG COMPANIES
When a company has a small number of workers, have a direct and close contact is quite simple. However, when an organization reaches considerable size, the relationship with workers becomes more complicated. Creating a good work environment and motivate employees properly is a complex task, but to be carried out so thoroughly. As stated by Francisco Castañar
(CEO of Nestlé Human Resources) to the economic news magazine be an attractive employer is vital for your computer is full of galaxies and their motivation is rather high. " In business, much time is spent on finding the most suitable workers for each position and to make plans for growth in the most talented employees. These they put in difficult situations, must make difficult tasks in shorter time frames because they believe that "it is necessary to place potential employees in positions where they can show their capabilities." The workers must know that the company is committed to them in their promotion plans. The Amparo Moraleda IBM President added "we tried to high-potential people will notice and not just on the payroll" Another example would be Google that the company has 4,183 employees. To motivate them, beyond the monetary reward, it focuses on social aspects: high-service kitchen, laundry, large soft armchairs offices, game rooms, massage, gym, hairdresser, buses, free drinks and snacks ... all factors that make an ideal environment posed an incentive to the time of going to work. These services make workers feel integrated and valued within the company, not to mention the savings that were supposed not to hire such services to others and saving time by not having to travel. Even more, they can spend 20% of their time to develop their own projects, so the possibility of creating new tools is multiplied. To this should be added that Google workers work with programs developed or purchased by the company, so they can know perfectly the problems and weaknesses of these, may file imperfections. Another technological application that has helped improve communication with employees are corporate blogs, adopted the above mentioned companies as Google and Nokia and many others among which are Benetton, General Motors , Boing , Siemens, McDonalds and even the Barbie . Leaving aside the economic benefits that may involve less use of paper or communication to employees, the possibilities of communication and feedback from these sites are a great way to socialize while workers encouraging a greater commitment to the company and results.


Bibliography:
http://es.wikipedia.org/
http://www.blogscorporativos.com/
http://www.eumed.net/cursecon/2/necesidades_sociales.htm
www.gestiopolis.com/canales/gerencial/articulos/18/jerarquia.htm

The organization of the commercial department of Rafael González Muñiz
Psychological theories of motivation and Fany Yessica Aguirre Jardón Cedillo García (UNAM)

Prevaciddosing Instructions

Globalization

Globalization has appeared in our lives as a phenomenon that nobody can be outside. While the economy has been "globalized" from the beginning of time (trade relations have grown steadily, payment methods have evolved to facilitate trade, countries specialize in what they knew to do better ... ) the idea of \u200b\u200ba global world now becomes heavier due mainly to improved technology that has turned the planet into a mass of interconnections that the Internet has been the main tool.

The globalization is considered, in the words of IMF the growing interdependence of all countries in the world caused by the increasing volume and variety of transactions in goods and services, as well as international capital flows, while the widespread diffusion of technology . If we break down this definition, on the one hand, the increasing interdependence. Today, a company can not act in isolation without considering the impact that their decisions will have on its competitors not only in their own country but also from other countries. Countries have come to realize the importance of enhancing relations and grouped to gain more weight in decisions in supranational institutions. As examples, any process of economic integration: the MERCOSUR, the Benelux, the European Union ... In them, members gain an advantage by lowering tariff barriers by eliminating the costs of covering the risk of exchange rates (and costs disappear conversion of currencies), to access a wider market (segmentation disappears markets and price discrimination), to increase competition by obtaining lower prices for consumers, promoting modernization of enterprises ... This is because the second portion of the definition: international capital flows. Tas World War II, trade and productive investment expanded significantly. Productive capital is internationalized and expanded in the form of direct investment, mainly made by large U.S. corporations. International financial flows were boosted by the disappearance of the rules governing capital movements, the emergence of new financial instruments and agents and the availability of new technological developments. These advances allowed to conduct business in a few seconds, so that financial transactions be moved to anywhere in the world. Great facilities for investment did emerge thousands of speculators who sought to get rich simply by buying and selling of currencies usually very short-term operations. Therefore, some economists defended the idea developed by James Tobin in 1978 to implement a rate that taxing financial transactions. According to Tobin himself declared in an interview published in Der Spiegel, the rate (of a low percentage of transaction volume) deter speculators, which would be a benefit because if the funds provided by these suddenly withdraw "the countries must dramatically increase the interest for the currency remains attractive. But high interest rates are often disastrous for the national economy, and have highlighted the crisis of the nineties in Mexico Southeast Asia and Russia. My return rate leeway to the central banks of small countries and oppose the dictates of some financial markets "[See Annex] The ultimate deciding factor of globalization is technology, especially that associated with microelectronics, computer and telecommunications, followed by other no less important although less related to the topic at hand such as biotechnology, genetics or pharmaceuticals. The so-called Information Technology and Communication (ICT )-one can differentiate these two concepts: while the information is up all data relevant when making a decision, communication, according to wikipedia, is "the process of sending and receiving messages" between individuals, which means that at least two people are related to take-out found its greatest exponent in internet. Internet is a network of networks that connects millions of computers using the same protocol (TCP / IP) worldwide. Expansion by firms and households has become one of the most important media, and that its release is immediate and accessible anywhere in the world. This is a global network of instantaneous transmission of ideas, value judgments, data, reports, work ..... Thanks to advances in telematics, the channels of transmission have been improved increasingly allowing greater access to knowledge. It is estimated that in 2000, 327 million people had Internet access and can share expertise 24 hours a day. However, 82% of these users are concentrated in 15 countries, the highest percentage belonged to the United States. We are thus faced with a huge variety of options at our disposal with a minimum investment: just a computer and a telephone line with internet access. It is then at this point that opens a new debate: what happens to people who lack these requirements? People, regions and even entire countries fall outside this range of possibilities. To this has been called "digital divide " and is due to technological and educational differences.

This, far from fostering the convergence between countries would enhance difference between poor and rich countries (developed and developing). According to Peter Marcuse , technological advances are associated naturally with the increasing concentration of economic power. According to Professor Colombian "computerization, streamlining of communications, thanks to advances in information technology, the ability to exercise and radiate from a central control to the five continents, the growing speed and efficiency of transportation (both goods and people), the ease of flexibility production, and automation of routine tasks are in fact essential to the substantial increase in the concentration of economic power we are witnessing today. "

At this point, had to mention the various advantages and disadvantages that emerge from this process:

- Globalization as is being done now encourages homogenization people, about cultures, races, languages, ethnicities, religions ... creating a global village, lacking such as the current heterogeneity. This can be seen as a negative factor if you are attempting to defend their collective cultural identity and do not want to be part of this process. On the other hand, can be a positive factor if it increases understanding among peoples, reducing conflicts, civil wars ...

- Globalization gives companies a lot of information about the course of action to be taken, both inside and outside the company: the environment to be implemented in the workplace, the treatment that employees receive in other companies, shares undertaken by competitors, new market potential, contact with potential suppliers with those obtained raw materials at lower cost, without businesses that can be created within the Internet. This benefits the most competitive companies that are expanded its customer base and harms the least well adapted, so that we could say that this is a simple system of natural selection (which lost the buffalo herd that less harm to the buffalo run but benefits the rest that can increase your pace). With this opening outward away companies not being competitive subsisted on purchases obtained from nearby industries. On the other hand, expand the market, products are more varied and, by increasing competition, prices are lower. In conclusion, globalization benefits consumers and harms businesses less competitive.

- The extensive information available and the disparity in labor and natural resources of countries have led to the birth of a process called offshoring is the site of a fraction or the entire production process in countries which are expected to certain advantages. This process has been conducted mainly in Europe and the United States to Asian countries and Eastern Europe. The beneficiaries, consumers in obtaining lower prices, companies saw their profits increased, host countries by creating jobs mild, the disadvantaged, low-skilled workers of those companies that are replaced by others in the destination countries. I will leave this parked the subject since its importance and magnitude will be discussed further in a future post.

- Progress in the area of \u200b\u200btelecommunications have increased exploitation (in the positive sense) of the capacities of man, which has propelled the requirements of the companies at the time of recruitment are growing. This hurts workers with low levels of training and as the segment of the population not born in the information age and thus are more reluctant, skeptical or clumsy in adapting to new technologies (in this case the digital divide has a strong generational). Benefits to companies with better human capital adopt a higher level of enforcement, and also benefits the whole country, because from my point of view, more training, intelligence, culture ... of a population, the greater its development and thus its per capita income. On the contrary, it harms the groups mentioned.

- Apart from outsourcing, globalization has led to specialization countries in those industries, business or tasks that are more competitive given its natural resources, their pay structures, conditions of work ... So many corporations have become fragmented and spread throughout the world through subsidiaries, among which comprises the production process (which can lead to higher costs of coordination and possible repatriation costs). Now the comparative advantages arise from the ability to innovate, adapt, adopt, imitate or improve technology, which is a disadvantage for Spain, since it is one of the EU countries that uses fewer resources in this area, just above Portugal. While in recent years there has been an effort tecnológico (pasando de una inversión en I+D en proporción al PIB de 0‘55% en 1985 al 0‘9% en 1998), el aumento nos ha llevado a converger, pero a mantenernos lejos de la media. La principal explicación que podría darse es la composición empresarial del país: aproximadamente el 90% de las empresas son pymes, las cuales no suelen destinar recursos a tal efecto. Por ello, en España, sólo el 2’25‰ de las empresas realizan actividades de I+D. Para 1998 el gasto total el I+D en relación con el PIB era en España del 0’9% muy alejado del 2’74% de EEUU o del 3’06% de Japón, sin duda a la cabeza del proceso tecnológico. Pero si make a more realistic comparison, by looking at neighboring countries, the result is more hopeful: 2'29% Germany, France, 2'18% 1'83% United Kingdom, Italy 1'02% ... And the European average 1.81%, ie, exactly twice that in the English case. Needless to say, the government must take action on the matter: whether the companies alone can not "pull the car" in innovation, public expenditures should give a boost, or at least create a favorable environment, as would be: central research building funded by several SMEs to undertake a joint research process, promoting increased sized enterprises in order to decrease the proportion of SMEs and increase the number of those who can invest, to encourage SMEs to use public transport through contractual relationships with universities and local businesses and encourage international cooperation between domestic SMEs and foreign countries through bilateral agreements with the mediation of the governments involved ...
The EU believes that no new technology there is no growth. With them, there has been a net job destruction of low-skilled (and be less efficient or more expensive to buy a machine with adequate technical support) together with an increase in demand for workers technological skills. Contrary to expectations, create jobs with new technologies.

- Internet allows consumers access from anywhere in the world, so benefit from a fully accessible space limited or temporarily not being able to buy 24 hours a day comfortably and easily. This also benefits businesses that have the loyalty of consumers who get their sales regardless of their location. In addition, purchasers a decrease in search time and can quickly compare prices and qualities.

- Globalization also has effects on the ecosystem: technological changes have brought a revolution by requiring the use of certain materials which could lead to depletion of resources. Therefore, the investigation of new materials becomes an important role. A good example is the optical fiber. It consists of a fiber or glass rod, or other transparent material with high refractive index, which is used to transmit light (when light enters one end of the fiber, is transmitted with very little loss even though the fiber is curved). If we look back, see how the first studies on this material were made by Holger Moller Hansen , who in 1951 tried to patent his idea in Denmark. Knowing they were the first studies of this type mean that were not included in the state of the art. In addition, because of its novelty should meet the second requirement for patentability of inventive step. I therefore consider that the patent was rejected by not find "industrial applicability." Later in 1954 Abraham Van Heel, Harold H. Hopkins and Narinder Kapany studies carried out individually on a fiber optic and although none were produced that will revolutionize optical fiber. Later, in 1966, under the aegis of the Institute of Electronic Engineering (IEE), Charles K. Kao showed that the experimental optical waveguides were information capacity equivalent to 200 TV channels and more than 200,000 telephone lines. Since these fibers had leaks, the researchers tried to purify the compounds of the glass. Meanwhile, other (which is Robert D. Maurer doctorate in physics from MIT) began working with fused silica. This obviously causes significant changes in material requirements. Donald Keck said in 1999, "would require 2 metric tons of copper wire to transmit information that can be a little over 1 lb of fiber. In lab today, a single fiber can transmit the equivalent of 60 million calls simultaneous phone. " To be specific, the substitution of raw materials, food, metals and minerals can harm the countries specializing in exporting them.

- Last but not much less important, one should also consider the environmental impact. The current economic growth model practically does not respect the environment. Therefore, the economy should be aimed at making a growth commensurate with sustainable growth, ie one that uses existing natural resources without mortgaging future generations.

As we can see, globalization involves many and varied aspects, many nuances, many causes and effects, therefore, the study that we make in this regard must be thorough and meticulous, to finish can be defined with greater precision and criticize or praise him knowingly.



ANNEX: TOBIN TAX
tax consists of financial market transactions. The proposed professor at Yale University and Nobel laureate economist James Tobin in 1972 to reduce currency speculation. I thought that would help the countries' monetary authorities to regain autonomy in financial markets as a tool to dampen fluctuations in change given the obsolescence that would mean today fluctuation bands for exchange rates. Thus, small countries would find themselves at the mercy of speculators, but would have a little leeway with which could have been averted or muted crisis as Southeast Asia, Russia and Mexico. And it was this claim: the tax revenue that this tax would generate are considered a "byproduct". Therefore, does not identify with the anti-globalization movement, which believes that abuse their name. It is not against the money raised goes to help a good cause, one that argues that this is not the purpose of "their" fee.

Today

basically interested in the proposed raise funds for development aid. Thus, taxing financial activities carried out by wealthy individuals with a basic level of life insurance, would seek to reduce the gap between rich and poor, by converging to different countries around the globe. However, according to Martin Wolf , the money would not be used promptly as they questioned how they could permanently finance a transfer from rich to poor. Wolf finds it impossible to fund this objective and not considered feasible to organize the collection of such funds, given the market volatility Financial. In addition, to carry out the collection would have to create a global tax jurisdiction, although this was technically possible, it seems irrelevant, since it would have to get the consent of all governments.

The position defended by Susan George (and movement ATTAC -Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens-) is the application of the fee to combat speculation, vision something closer to what Nobel laureate James Tobin proposed in his day. The rate is set at around 1% and would apply to all transactions. As the associated transactions a genuine commercial transactions are 2% or less, the fee would penalize only very few of those working in the real economy. However, most affected would be those made by the traders and their operations are conducted at very short notice. According to page http://tobintaxcall.free.fr , with only 0.05% "rate would seek more than 100,000 million dollars a year, which could be used to stabilize the currency, to develop the economy, finance humanitarian aid to alleviate other national or international crisis "

And finally, my personal view. I think several things: I think rate according to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe author not slow down too much financial transactions, since the traders would be affected profits in a very small percentage of what, in my opinion, not discourage investment, I think raising the rate would be an arduous task (although there are people who consider it very simple ), I think it would be very difficult to reach a global consensus that all countries would join the cause, since countries would as always position themselves as tax havens, and I think even more thorny is the question of the use of the collected capital, we have organizations like the IMF and World Bank who have spent decades dedicated to these aspects are not always welcomed (the same James Tobin defends saying it is the lack of resources, which makes their actions are not the most appropriate) should we let them try to wash your name or create a new institution?, on the other hand, like any other tax, is paid to the fraud ... and that there are countries more likely than others ... In addition, we ensure that this measure would have the fiscal and social benefits expected? traders are not invent these new ways of investing that dodge rate?

Bibliography:
Large areas of the world economy, and María Jesús Enrique Palazuelos
Vara Liberal globalization, Martin Wolf and Susan George
http://www.inisoc.org/dourson.htm
http://www.eumed.net/cursecon/textos/tobin-antiglob.htm
http://es.wikipedia.org
http://www.portalgsm.com/