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Amancio Ortega

How could it be otherwise, Google has bought YouTube (the largest video portal), thus maintaining its relentless pace of acquisition of all types of software (helpful), complementing its wide range own production tools. With this, the company aims to make Internet users can perform all tasks without the need to resort to programs installed on the computers themselves. If we add the character of free (which is always an advantage in this environment), Google could grow to the size of the giant Microsoft. Who will win the battle may be a question like that who would win if Batman was fighting against Superman. For these things always adept at both sides. From what I am sure of is that Hollywood will make a happy ending.

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Internet for Business Relocation

Internet offers a vast range of possibilities for companies, of which electronic commerce is only one of them. The following report some of the many utilities that allows network of networks:

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When talking about globalization, one can not ignore a phenomenon that many people relate to it almost instantly: the relocation. Lately it is impossible to read a newspaper, economic or otherwise, without the appearance of several articles on companies who leave for other locations. And this due to the free movement of people and capital .

is a process by firms involved in the positioning of their production processes (in whole or in part) in other countries where they hope to gain a higher return given the favorable conditions exist. The reasons why the company usually opt for this option are primarily economic: lower wage levels in the target countries, benefits in terms of lower taxation, labor laws more lax, the worst living conditions of workers will reduce them absenteeism, lower land prices and / or premises provided by countries to encourage companies stationed there and get some new jobs and improve the situation close to these industries, proximity to raw materials which would mean a reduction in transport costs ... That a company chooses this path, competitive conditions, creating a domino effect: if a company relocates, their competitors will probably be doing the same thing in order to remain competitive in the market.

However, if nearly all the competitive advantages of the new site are via costs should be borne in mind that introducing the goods produced in the EU they endure a series of levies (taxes, quotas, quotas) would diminish the effectiveness of the policy of relocation. Therefore, a very common practice is to produce separately the parts of the product abroad and then proceed to the assembly of parts within the EU to avoid such obstacles. The

competitive advantages can be obtained via satellite quality or price. Since that charges a person in Europe is 5 euros, and what you pay for equal work in China is 80 cents, it seems logical that the Europeans have lost the train through prices for jobs in labor intensive . Therefore, we specialize in knowledge-intensive activities, products of higher quality or design.

should be qualified, if not clear, the difference between outsourcing and internationalization : While at first the company changes its location, the second refers to the opening of the company to international markets as a strategy of expansion and how to increase customer base.

From the point of view of the firm based on production processes, outsourcing seems like a natural trend. Companies have the right to compete with all the means at its disposal, and thus appears as a great opportunity.

relocation Now it seems a negative phenomenon that increases the unemployment in our country, and we lose industries. However, do not forget that we complain of offshoring when there was a day that we benefit from it, when German or U.S. companies settled here.

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Nanotechnology Conference

nanotechnology Although we find a new and unknown science, history can be found in the Nobel Prizes in Physics and in 1965, which was awarded to Julian Schwinger, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Richard P . Feynman for his studies of quantum electrodynamics, opening their doors to molecular physics. Feynman had noted in 1959 at a conference of the American Physical Society benefits which would be the ability to trap atoms and molecules and put them in specific positions.

Nanotechnology is defined as a set of techniques used to manipulate matter at the smallest scale, ie the atoms and molecules. The prefix "nano" (from the Greek for "dwarf") denotes a billionth of a unit (ie 10-9 (0.000000001)), in this case, underground. The importance of influence matter at the nanoscale is that this, by having a larger surface area in relation to its mass (physical and chemical properties, conductivity, resistance, responsiveness or elasticity) does not behave equally to small-scale. It is therefore the nanoscience, the study of behavior and manipulation of materials at that scale, while nanotechnology refers to science and technology activities conducted in this regard.

The term nanotechnology was coined by Norit Taniguchi in 1974 to differentiate the micro-scale engineering made (10-6) held in the nanoscale (10-9). It was, however, through a book published in 1986 by Eric Drexler (part of MIT) called Engines of Creation when the term became popular.

There are three distinct streams of research, that would be:
- Nanotechnology by size: the first research in nanotechnology were of this type, which involves the construction of devices and ever-smaller structures, up to atomic or molecular scale.
- Nanotechnology per trade: Characteristics of materials through their manipulation at the nanoscale.
- Nanotechnology and manufacturing method (bottom-up): Get new structures through the binding of atoms and molecules. It generates the most uncertainty, and it will take longer to lead his revolution. Nanotechnology has

various applications, among which those related to electronics, energy, biomedicine and materials. The progress of each of these fields is very different, and is expected to first evolve the materials, then electronics and energy, and finally medicine, since its use is subject to the laws of the countries.

Materials development is the area that are currently making more progress. Consists of providing materials that we know of properties that make them more adapted to the environment, offering great features such as clothing not stalling in the rain or stain or wrinkle, not scratched glasses, bottles that change color to indicate that the content is expired, stronger materials and more light ... In other aspects, we should underline computers faster and more powerful, more accurate medical diagnoses, appropriate treatments and to focus only on the affected area, more environmentally-friendly energy environment, memory cards the size of a stamp store information equivalent to 25 DVD ....

In my opinion we are talking about an improvement of materials and applications of a revolution in everything we knew so far. Araceli Parra considered that this phenomenon would harm the third world , although I think it's quite the opposite. In the comment I made, suggested that nanotechnology products would initially given a higher price as specific technology to be employed in manufacturing, but over time their prices would stabilize at lower levels. Nanotechnology products would then substitute "regular" so that competition would drop the price of the latter to be less desirable. Thus, the most logical output of these products is to lower income sectors, among which are clearly countries Third World. That it increase the gap between rich and poor? The truth is I do not know. What really worries me is if the transfer to the countries south of a technology that will be obsolete and we have given the technological leap, positioned them in a good position to perform the same dive. That is, if we take the case to the end (obviously within a few decades), the nanotechnology revolution will be a typical technology transfer to the third world, and inundate the northern countries of improved technology. This would make third world countries could also make the leap, no? Maybe it is a visión demasiado optimista, pero para eso está la opción de hacer comentarios, para que me bajéis de las nubes...

Más información:
Plataforma EuMat (European Technology Platform for Advanced Engineering Materials and Technologies)
Plataforma Eumat Spain
ENIAC (Consejo Asesor de Iniciativas Europeas en Nanoelectrónica)
Euroresidentes

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Si bien no existe consenso sobre la definición de publicidad, sí podríamos ofrecer dos suficientemente aclaradoras:
- Legalmente, la publicidad es “toda forma de comunicación realizada por una persona or entity, public or private, in the exercise of a trade, business, craft or profession in order to promote directly or indirectly hire movable or immovable property, services, rights and obligations "(Article 2, Title 1, General Provisions, of the Law 34/88 of 11 November known as General Advertising Act).
- According to UNESCO is "essentially a communication activity that seeks to promote the sale of an item, product or service, promote an idea or make any other effect you want the advertiser."
could therefore say that advertising is "a communication system that brings together organizations and their audiences through messages broadcast via the mass media to inform about a product, service, organization or idea and influence their willingness or their behavior. "

There are different types of advertising, according to the stated aim, the advertiser, the objective, scope, means and pressure-but the present case is the media, more specifically the Internet.

is the most changeable, and in turn the youngest. The possibilities have to be analyzed, is criticized and exaggerated, but as we shall see, is that this medium is unique when getting a message to the public, and even potential consumer.

To begin, we discuss some of the characteristics of advertising in this medium: to be mostly inserted into the same page you will find information, there is no way to get rid of it (although you can avoid the pop-up ads, for example through the Google toolbar), since it is an interactive medium is the Internet user who accesses the advertising, which shows already a slight interest first, the advertising cost is comparatively much lower, the expansion of the medium is undeniable and unstoppable, can learn about the characteristics of the product or service, and may even come to buy, which is impossible in other media. Despite these qualities, there are some drawbacks, as it fails to whole segments of the population since it does not use the internet or the reliability has been undermined by numerous cases of fraud.

then say that there are new and varied forms of Internet advertising, ranging from the most indiscriminate and aggressive as pop-ups (pop) or the spam to the more discrete and segmented as contextual advertising . Let us

more widely the latter type: contextual advertising appears on web pages or in Google searches on the sides or at the head, but correlated with the content of the page or search. That is, is advertising related. Companies come forward to be announced at an auction in which bid on the word that they want to be related. One that pays more (with the highest interest) appear above each time a Web search that word in Google. Therefore, we have said, pay an amount, but only every time someone click on the ad. Therefore, if a company raised by the use of this advertising method, you can a small study to calculate the costs and benefits obtained, and that the service provides data on the number of occurrences of ad clicks ... which together with the possibility of selling through the Internet is aware of the cost by selling advertising unit, which can not be known with any other advertising method. In fact, it is very strange that in different shops or service establishments are offering the consumer a booklet which questions the method by which they have learned their existence (billboards, brochures, advertisements, a friend .. .). But back to the issue of clicks. The benefits to the Announcements page for each click is very very low, which means you need a very important traffic to make it a living. However, its implementation is free, which allows anyone to delve into this world, adding such advertising in their pages with relative ease, and getting a small income. Living from it will be harder but not impossible. Following clicks: it would be important to consider what methods you use Google to find out which are fraudulent clicks (click fraud ) from two perspectives: you click people who benefit financially from this or companies often enter in contextual advertising that redirects the pages of their competitors to spend its share contracted .

The advantages of this type of advertising are therefore obvious: the segmentation obtained is high and which are aimed at an audience that is interested, the costs are related to the real effectiveness of the ad, the quality is high impact because people who are predisposed click to listen to offers that are offered, any person becomes an entrepreneur, able to rent a space on your page also allows geographical targeting, which is important because if a person seeks a hairdresser will avail one located in America, but will want one in your same city, preferably close to home, allows companies to track their daily advertising, both costs and benefits, eliminates the important role of the publicist, who is banished by the economist, who now will be to raise advertising campaigns ...


related texts:
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As you know, today I attended the conference featuring Don Joaquín Almunia, under "Factors success in a global economy. European strategy. "
At the conference, European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs, said his impression that Europe is lagging behind, that there are other countries that are doing much better than us, yet differentiating those We already had the advantage in the years ahead of those with rapid growth and have reduced the gap significantly.

commented Basically the main risks to Europe, which would be: first, the evolution of oil prices (and gas and other natural energy resources on reasonable or not, following in his footsteps). Although Spain has reduced its energy dependence, the outside still buy 50% of the energy we consume. In early 2004, the price per barrel was $ 30, we are now talking about a price around $ 70 per barrel. Fortunately, due to exchange rates, increases in oil prices come somewhat undermined the euro, second, that countries like the U.S. or China pay the consequences of internal imbalances that count. While Europe offset the trade deficits of some countries with surpluses in others, the aforementioned countries have very unbalanced scales: USA (both its citizens and their public sector) es un país muy endeudado, de modo que dependen de importar ahorro desde otros países. China y otras economías asiáticas, envían su exceso de ahorro al país más poderoso del mundo. Almunia ha expresado la insostenibilidad de esta relación, añadiendo dos posibles resoluciones: que se incrementasen los tipos de interés (medida que se extendería a otros países aunque estos no tuviesen ese problema) o que se depreciase el dólar, convirtiéndose repentinamente en más competitivo, lo cual perjudicaría a los demás países que sufrirían una apreciación sin que existiesen razones objetivas en la economía real que lo justificaran; en último lugar, lo que ha denominado "turbulencias finance, with what has been referred to Europe's financial markets have agitations against the risks involved and give sharp movements of capital, leaving exposed areas normally have affordable financing available.

Finally, it outlined that although efforts have been made in recent years, it is still a long way to go. It emphasized the importance of research (especially in the fields of education and science) and lack of a common policy regarding satisfactory energy or immigration.

Related Topics: economy Europe still faces challenges despite the change process , oil, natural gas and environment.

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Journalism Advertising Gap

Do what you do journalism on blogs? As against that it says a sentence in California that has compared the bloggers to journalists, I'd say not quite, but this formula has enabled mainstream media steal the exclusivity of public communication. Let's say that blogs are a double edged sword because now anyone can expand its voice over the network, but also poses a risk, since published personal views, half truths, information untested, hoaxes ... As stated by José Luis Orihuela in the Second Conference on Digital Journalism "the blogger does not have to create news, you can do but that is not their goal. The blogger works on the news, thinking, analyzing. " So we could say that the blogger is a critique of the news, a view not excuse the reality. And I think that is where its importance. Already
communications mogul Rupert Murdoch said the power of communications is moving toward bloggers, and in them lies the future. Knowing how you are doing business, I do not think you are very misguided in their afirmaciones. De todos modos, tampoco creo que haya mucho a discutir, tan solo esperar a ver que pasa...

Como colofón, un viñeta graciosa y un magnífico video sobre el infierno de los periodistas.

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Pese a que Estados Unidos es paradigma de Nueva Economía y de crecimiento económico, prefiero vivir en Europa, donde impera la Economía del Bienestar. Las diferencias en la distribución de la renta en el país americano o en los mercados de trabajo son abismales. En Europa, contamos con unas tasas de desempleo mayores que en EEUU [de hecho, existen estudios empíricos que apuntan que aquellos países donde average wages are comparatively low and the dispersion of higher wages, employment levels are comparatively higher], but our unemployed are much more protected than the U.S., reaching even be in a better position than the workers themselves across the pool: there are people (the homeless Workers) that despite having a job, are poor and lack of housing. This is due to poor quality and low wages of a large number of jobs created in the United States. Some authors, such as Aghion and Howitt, consider that wage inequality goes hand in hand with technological change, which would explain the greater inequality in the United States this being the country that has adapted to new technologies. Thus, they displace unskilled workers would increase while the demand for skilled workers, increasing the gap. Additionally, this country has produced a marked moderation, with wage increases below productivity growth, which has fostered the growth of employment, but there has been more on unskilled workers, who have experienced lower wage growth, which has worsened income inequality. That is, the pattern of distribution of wealth has been characterized by low participation in the income quintile low (20% of lower income households) and the progressive impoverishment of the middle and lower layers.

the other side of the coin is Europe, with a series of guaranteed basic public services relating to health, justice and education are essential to me as well as an unemployment benefit system which gives a fired a percentage of his balance during a certain month, which allows one hand not to be suddenly without any source of income and the other gives you room to find a job suited to their qualifications. It is also true that this may cause the search time for a new job to dilate or not to come to accept certain jobs if the salary is below the unemployment benefit. But an unemployed person in the United States achieves a new job in a few weeks, yes, 65% paid less and working more hours and beyond.

Some data on: poverty in the U.S. under a defined poverty line, the Federal Poverty Line (FPL), which is set to a basic food basket for each family member, so a family of 4 members must have a net income less than 4 times the minimum food basket to belong to this group. In Europe, the United Nations used another method: calculate the Human Poverty Index (HPI-2) developed by combining 4 variables, that is, income, life expectancy at birth, education and long-term unemployment. Given this distinction in the way of defining poverty, the figures obtained can not be compared directly, but we can get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe situation.

In 2002, the United States had a poverty rate of 12.1%, which is 34'6 million, or nearly all of Spain made redundant, and worse, of all poor, 38% have employment. In 2001, the poverty data for the EU showed that we had 55 million equivalent adults [Eurostat weights to the members of the family as a escala: el adulto principal pondera 1, el resto de los adultos 0'5 y los menores de 14 años 0'3. De este modo, se calculan "adultos equivalentes"] pobres, lo que es el 15% de los habitantes de la UE. Más pobres pero en unas mejores condiciones medias.

Entonces podríamos concluir que la diferencia básica entre ambas áreas es que en Europa, por lo general, la pobreza deviene cuando una persona carece de un trabajo, mientras que en Estados Unidos, la pobreza es, en buena medida, producto del propio empleo, por una combinación del deterioro del empleo con el deterioro del salario.

Más información, por ejemplo, en este artículo or wikipedia.

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Tourism in the Valencian Language in

As much to say that Valencia offers "much more than sun and beach" as one newspaper headline reads expansion, for me, advertising that we offer in the area, or country if you will, is fair, accurate, and only that: sun and sand. An example would be the occupation recorded in Benidorm on the bridge May: 95%. As much as leisure is increasing at a rapid pace (Terra Mitica, Mundomar, Terra Natura, the City of Arts and Sciences, Marina D'or, a thousand golf courses, a number of spas and a long etc.) the tourist who comes here is looking for a beach where you bask in the sun (not that our cities have a special attraction): mainly attract a type of tourist who rented an apartment a few days, it is a snack and goes to the beach, those who do the least possible expense. Anyway, I'm not surprised at all. A tourist more intellectual and more affluent, want to choose a destination that meets their cultural interests, moving to a place that can offer more than beach (in fact, tourists who visit the community only 8.7% are interested in the cultural). How many museums are in Alicante? We MARQ (Museo Arqueológico ), which despite being the best European museum of 2004 is of small size and can be visited in less than an hour, the Mugabe (Gravina Fine Arts Museum) which, disregarding my parents, I do not know anyone who has gone, the MUA (Museo Universidad de Alicante), the MACA (Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Alicante) whose existence I discovered, the Municipal Arts Centre which has 2 exhibition halls, the Fish Market, I do like it, the Municipal Museum of Ceramics is closed for renovations in ESRD Park (one of the few parks that we have and it is also worth visiting), the Symposium of Sculpture in Alicante in the Santa Barbara castle, along with a collection of sculptures of the Foundation Layer do not know if still valid because the information available online is also very low, which makes it more difficult access to culture in this my city.

To this must be added the problem of bilingualism ... almost nonexistent. The presence of Valencian in Alicante city is practically nil, it's hard to go down the street and come across people talking in Valencia. And yet we are forced to study in college, and is included in all official and administrative things. And let no one misunderstand me, I'm not against Valencia: I am against all the posters and panels information in the city are in Castilian and Valencian, because once you start to translate ... why not put it to the popular language called English? Protest because in a community that lives off tourism, offering tourists ignored a bad information, and also in a language that does not dominate, mixed with another that does not even know exists. I think in this aspect is still all done. If I were a tourist, those who are just looking for sun and sand (mostly), I'd go elsewhere. No doubt. Even if he wished to end up in Spain, the decision would be very difficult: his iron Catalan Catalonia, Valencia and Andalusia that whose accent and may not let you find out anything, but at least on paper all the same ..

Another aspect to consider is the effect of the low cost that, while favoring the arrival of foreign tourists, they are characterized by lower average expenditure in relation to traditional companies. Another

differentiation could be made is the tourist resort and residential tourism: the first will remain a shorter time, but spend more on leisure activities, accommodation, travel or restoration, the second will spend less for a longer period, thus helping the seasonality of the sector. Second homes (which means in area 25% of supply) provide nearly a billion a year more than hotels, apartments and camping together, saturating the Valencian coast, tourists aspect criticized by German, French and Italian.

A type of tourist is greeted with great pleasure is the golfer. Their spending is up to 5 times that of a normal tourist (340 euros a day), so it poses to the community, with its 22 golf courses, a magnificent reef. However, the creation of golf courses always creates controversy, as the community complains of insufficient water and irrigation requirements of the fields are important. To avoid criticism is intended that all water used for this purpose in the community comes from treatment plants or desalination plants. Total

, which must still be working in seasonally adjusted and diversify the sector, giving it greater range of businesses, rural tourism, sports, culture, gastronomy, health, leisure ... We must offer a higher quality in order to face competition from other sun and beach destinations we already excel through prices, and try to capture a more affluent tourists. Without doubt, this seems to me the great challenge of our community.

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network

Although English is the language 4 th most spoken in the world (Second native language with 332 million speakers), their use in the network is only 7.2% and this .. "What can occur? the relative backwardness of Spain in this environment? to be the language of developing countries? Hispanics to express themselves online in English? The truth is that I do not know, I suppose it's a little of each. I read that between 69 and 72 percent of Hispanic Internet users use English, that seems for now to be a good reason.

The data are slightly more encouraging as other report prepared by the NGO and intergovernmental Funredes Address Terminology and Language Industries Latin Union argues that the English in the network has been assumed 3.37% in 1998 to 10.95% in June 2001, the French 3.75% to 8.86% and 1.09% Portuguese to 5.40%.

translation engines are very important because they help eliminate language barriers. This tool has evolved considerably since its inception back in the 50's, when getting results as peculiar as the following: introduced the biblical quote "the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak" translated from English and Russian. The appointment was returned to transform Russian into English and the result was ......... "Wine is good but the meat is rotten"! This is because the translators can not translate word for word but have to take into account the context in which they occur. Currently, the technology offers a very good translation, which although not exact, can be perfect idea about the content of a page.

Given the cultural and linguistic diversity that exists in this country that we have already mentioned, four English universities (of Alicante, the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, the Basque Country and the Vigo) have joined in a project to get an automatic translator, free of co-official languages, thus obtaining the Opentrad , that although it has a drawback, which is translated from Castilian to Euskera, but not vice versa given the high degree of complexity. However, it is a great advance, and is already being used by the Galician Public Administration, being the first online tool that offers these services.

On the other hand, are represented on the Internet only 10% of all languages, which makes the rest are in danger of extinction as discussed in this article .

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and won the open source

few days ago my Professor of Economics Globalization suggested that exposed me to the next class the contents of this blog. I'm not afraid to sit in front of my colleagues to speak, but is that a good way to get their attention is to present computer, so that the transparencies complement the above or pick up the most important. That started my problem: I have a computer full of little programs to those of Bill Gates, but have a significant drawback: it is no Office like the whole world. I have a Microsoft Works, which is to be the same, but the files have different extensions, so what I do on my computer can not be replicated elsewhere, and what I do in college I can not see it in my house. And, no Power Point. So I went to the much maligned e-mule to download a Power Point and I did. When you try to install it told me I could not do, which was installed before an earlier version. I looked for another, I downloaded it and run it, absolutely nothing happened on my computer. So bored of trying to get a typical Power Point, I went to softonic , where I got a presentation program that open source has given me absolutely no barriers and it has worked perfectly the first second. However, with so much shock, I barely had time to make the presentation. It

could say that the technology developed by Microsoft is not the best, but this shows that a company can obtain a world leader with a flawed product if a proper campaign. This would also be the case of the VHS video format, of poorer quality than the BETA developed by Sony but it was finally settled in society ....

Windows not only has a bad reputation, it also has those odious windows of "mistake." For those who have suffered, here's a page to vent without prejudice to our computer (running bad, but at least it works): http://www.thestylemachine.com/metele/index_es.html

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Development and Environment

economic growth as it occurs today, is concerned with large-scale production and not to ensure the long-term production, depleting resources, using inefficient production processes, generating tons of waste ... Therefore, environmental policy should set certain standards for development to be sustainable.

In Spain we have the report "Environmental Profile Spain 2004" which gives an overview of the environmental situation in close temporal perspective of our country, analyzing the data obtained between 1990 and 2001.

Throughout the English geography, there are notable differences: the coast and near Madrid account for 52% of the population (percentage increases in the summer), which contrasts with other communities such as Aragon, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla and León Extremadura that would be comparatively desertified. This means that there is an imbalance, having more populous areas, constructed, deforested, polluted ... than others. Furthermore, the first feature with a higher concentration of the less friendly to the environment, such as construction, tourism and transport. To this we must add the transport model in Spain, where transport river is only available (for the lack of navigable rivers), and prevail less sustainable modes of transport such as aviation and road, to the detriment of the sea and rail.

Regarding air quality, since 1990 emissions of greenhouse gases increased by 32'1% (a 52'88% by 2005 according to World Watch Spain), when the Kyoto commitments set the increase in 15% until 2010. This is only 7 years in Spain and exceeded the agreed limit, with an upward trend since. Acidifying emissions have not had a very favorable, and although they have reduced emissions of sulfur a 34'7%, have increased NOx by 10.5% and 16% ammonia.

On land, increased waste generation (45%) has caused increasing problems relating to their management. These residues are also poorly recovered and recycled (eg glass recycling rate stands at 36%). This last point, coupled with land fragmentation caused by infrastructure and other harmful processes resulting from industrialization, is threatening biodiversity, found 24% of all vertebrate species in the country under some kind of threat, while some are even endangered. To this we must add the overexploitation of fish stocks that although could have benefited from the numerical reduction of the fleet, has been the opposite effect by increasing the ability to capture it.

Regarding the use of resources, eco-efficiency is insufficient, rising urban water consumption, energy by 3% per annum for each year of the period analyzed, and the synthetic fertilizers and plungicidas. The use of renewable energy is very low and represents only 6.5% of the country's primary energy.

Nevertheless, one could say that there is a tendency positive, as long as public awareness is becoming more and has improved in areas such as groundwater contamination by nitrates, the increase in protected natural areas or pollution of rivers by organic matter.

Regarding pollution, I thought the issue of externalities, particularly those related to the emission of gases into the atmosphere by the enterprises, and flattering to be the CO2 quotas so as to could trade with them, creating something like a pollution market, in which polluting companies would be "penalized" by must buy the least polluting their quotas, they received some sort of subsidy to be more committed to the environment. What I do not know is that this is taking place in the European Union since January 2005 and called Trading System of Greenhouse Gas Emissions . His first year of operation was a success: it is estimated that 240 million rights traded worth 500 million euros. This amount, this market position as one of the most important commodity exchange and are expected to occupy the first position within three years. No doubt this initiative is very beneficial for environment and encourage closer to the Kyoto Protocol commitments.

Still, there is still a long way to go, not only in Spain but throughout the world, so that future generations can receive the planet in acceptable condition.

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New Economy

Although this neologism, a cast of English New Economy, is a very difficult concept to define, because it is multifaceted and enclose a thousand shades, you could say that refers to the new way to produce after the revolution technological advances, especially those related to computer and internet and involving the basis of productivity and competitiveness. In this first approach to the concept could be drawn that throughout history has been "emerging economies" as referred to economic change, social and productive after a revolutionary new technology.

The greatest exponent of this revolution is undoubtedly the United States, reaching, in 2000, 107 months of growth phase, characterized by full employment (a rate of structural unemployment or NAIRU [see ANNEX] of 4% of the workforce), a CPI increase of only 2.3% and a GDP growth of 4.5%. To this must be added the government surplus, the trade deficit and the balance rising current account, historically high stock prices and the continued appreciation of the dollar. This led to the savings rate to zero and even negative levels as it also specializes in this country more effectively monetize the savings of others.

This was possible not only through the development of Information Technology and Communication as is commonly believed, but also by technological progress . The acceleration of technological progress coupled with increased investment in ICT led to a significant increase in nonfarm productivity. This led to changes in management companies (greater organizational flexibility, redefining optimal size of firms, thus reducing cost-), \u200b\u200bless aversion to invest, better risk management, new forms of organization, improvement of production techniques, marketing and distribution .. . which represented an acceleration of productivity growth. In view of the results caused by the TIC (the growing importance and increased computing power, cheaper technologies together with higher performance, increased productivity generated by them, the intensity of investment in them) there were spillover (referring to the ability to increase investment yields for the realization of other similar investments. That is, for example, internet would not be so important if there in isolation for some people, but it is precisely the interconnection of millions of people that gives its importance).

The acceleration of technical progress in high technology industries and the significant increase in investment in information technologies led to increased productivity, leading to an increase in aggregate supply, reducing unit costs and a reduction in inflationary pressures. This made the risk of excessive tightening of monetary conditions decreased significantly.
The overall result was a significant increase in per capita income, leaving obsolete the idea that the risk of inflation would limit the possibilities of economic expansion. Therefore, he described the United States, or this new way to produce and operate, "New Economy", "New Paradigm", "Information Age" or the "Knowledge Economy."

For Europe to a position at the U.S. would require a significant investment in physical capital, but even more in knowledge (I + D + i) technological capital and, of course, human capital and that this new era is a requirement higher learning as to be an overload, what prevails is the ability to manage it.


ANNEX:
The acronym NAIRU from Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (unemployment rate accelerating inflation) and refers to structural unemployment: that that despite the improved economic conditions will not go away. Not constant in time, but varies according to the law, the behavior of agents ... When far from diminishing, increases, is called hysteresis.
The idea emerged in the late 70's when neoliberal economists such as Friedman or Phelps jointly analyze data of unemployment and inflation United States and feel that these two variables are inversely related, so that increasing one, the other decreases. They conclude that the unemployment rate tends to the same level of "equilibrium", which is only away when policymakers force a reduction in inflation.
graphical representation par excellence of this phenomenon is
Phillips curve and the evolution can be seen on the link below
http://www.aulafacil.com/Macro/Lecc-23-2.gif


Bibliography:
"The economy in the network. New economy, new finance "by Emilio Ontiveros.

Free Mount And Blade Account

Home Automation

The importance of new technologies is, as we have been discussing, more and more important. We are faced with the continuous incorporation of new forms of communication in the industrial equipment, better equipment intended for domestic consumption ... every day we get different tools available to make life more comfortable while safe.
The use of these technologies in public buildings such as houses are called home automation. This term is used to denote the part of technology (electronics, mechanics and computer) that integrates existing elements in the house and controls and operate in coordination. Comes from the Latin domus and computer and according to the Royal English Academy covers all systems that automate the various facilities of a home.

Home automation is therefore the science that applies technological innovation in housing, providing such automation. The main advantages are 4:
1.) Improves comfort :
- Manage air conditioning: the system is responsible for maintaining the desired temperature in each room, so switched on and off automatically air conditioned. Additionally, you can tell the lack of fuel or any problems with the home automation system
- Lighting: There are various options for activation: through presence, schedule, and amount of ambient light, or by manual adjustment, since the switches have a regulator light intensity. In addition, you can choose an ideal light scene for each room, selecting the desired source, intensity and duration.
- Shades: has some buttons to raise or lower the blinds, but this function is self-managed weather conditions with strong winds and rains, closing windows, shutters, awnings and blinds down ...
- Centralization: This feature can turn off all lights and down all the blinds when you think evacuate.
2.) Brings greater security :
- Technical alarms: alert the user at a time that takes action to alleviate the problem. They are basically 3 types: A) In Flood: If the valves are located close to sources of water leak is detected, informs the user while cutting the water supply in the affected area B) gas leak: If the solenoid detects a gas leak, notify the user at the same time cut the gas supply automatically. C) Voltage drop: When the building is not current, the user can find a number of drawbacks, such as the thawing of food .. The system detects and informs the user.
- Fire since in case of fire is essential to the immediate arrival of firefighters, to detect, the system activates a powerful alarm to the time you call central station where firefighters are contacted.
- Theft: alarms are a deterrent, so that in case of intrusion or break windows of balconies or windows, the system calls the alarm center, which will send the police. At the same time, the system can run all the lights, or a combination thereof, inside or outside the home and closing doors and windows.
- Simulator of presence: the system turns on randomly lights up and down the blinds and even turn the TV to see that the house is inhabited.
- Medical Alarm: ideal for people with serious illnesses or diseases or elderly. If the individual foresees problems only have to activate a device worn as a pendant or wristband and the system calls to a medical facility.
3.) New forms of communication:
- Remote connection to equipment, from any phone (fixed or mobile ...) to connect to the automation system to enable or disable the desired services, in the same way that the system calls in case of accident or danger. Also You can open the door by remote control.
- Distribution of audio and video: you can make the music player located in a room is heard throughout the house or watch television signal video intercom.
- Telematic networks: These networks allow you to perform a variety of activities without leaving home, such as home shopping, financial transactions, send messages to anyone in the world ... daily options are extended.
4.) Reducing energy costs :
- Double rate: the utility companies offer two rates, the night that saves up to 55% in kW / h. So, you can set the home automation system to suit the evening and connecting certain appliances (such as washing) overnight, or that accumulate heat energy at night to release later in the day.
- build system: energy stored in the time slot most economical and distributed over the rest of the day, usually in the form of heat because they are easy to find heating or water heating. This process is done programmatically and using timers.
- Rationalization of consumption: are intended to disconnect a portion of non-core circuits for power consumed does not exceed the contract, which would lead to a disconnection of all circuits. This system allows for both hiring a smaller amount of power, thereby reducing recruitment costs.
- Air conditioning are grouped the different rooms of the house into two types, depending on when frequenting more, night or day. Thus, the system is responsible for changing the temperature for each of them, for example by increasing the temperature in the rooms at night and reducing the room.
- Lighting: Using sensors, you can scale the intensity of the light automatically turned on or off if it is unnecessary to consume the least amount of energy without causing any discomfort to the user.
- Phone calls can prohibit the system as they are intended for urban, metropolitan, national, international or mobile so we can prevent abuse of the equipment if the owner not be present. In turn, limit the duration of the call, and block outgoing calls so that they can only receive calls.
- Statistics: The system collects a series of data and store certain information, then the user can view, obtaining data on the consumption of light or phone, where there has been a problem, what was the cause ...

system Home automation is composed of three fundamental elements :
- Sensors: are responsible for capturing any kind of physical change within the home and transmit the information to the control unit for it to act accordingly.
- Actuators: These are the devices by orders that gives control unit, acts and transforms those data with physical actions (up shutters, make a call ..)
- Control unit: is the most important system, which is responsible for managing the information and send the necessary data to the actuator to solve the problems. Tends to have the necessary user interfaces to present information to this (screen, keyboard, monitor, etc.).

After seeing the components of control systems would have to discuss the ways in which they can be interconnected. The distribution of the elements of the type of system is called the network and can be 4 types: star, bus, ring or mixed. Each has its advantages over others: those centralized designs in which different systems send information to a central core, are more effective and faster, especially the star system, but have the disadvantage that if fault core, the whole fault. This does not happen in a distribution ring, since the fault affects only one system and others continue to operate normally. With the type Bus, information input and output flows through a single cable, which facilitates the installation of equipment. The mixed type has two types of design and is used in complex systems with many systems, which can be grouped according to function performed and then link to a nucleus to ensure efficacy.

Depending on the characteristics, the home automation system can be used:
- Decentralization: sensors and actuators have a little self-control systems adapted to enable direct interaction between them.
- Centralized: all sensors are connected to the inputs of the control unit and actuators to the output. Therefore, all information is controlled by the central unit receives data from the different parts of the system captures, manages and is responsible for all modifications. To control using a control module, which is programmable and responsible for transforming the information from the tickets depending on the schedule that you have made.

can also classify plants in two types:
- Central Wired: all sensors and actuators are connected by wiring to the central main controller for the entire system. Normally has a battery backup, allowing run for hours in case of power failure.
- wireless stations: the connections are using wireless sensors powered by batteries or batteries and transmit information via radio to the control unit which is mains powered and has its own battery backup.
- Central mixed, combined with wireless wiring.

The system can be operated manually on the control panel (usually positioned at the entrance of the house) or by a series of codes of type * 0 # making a call from any touch-tone phone (DMTF).

Provide a home for an automated system using the features mentioned, involves an investment of 18,000 euros. The appliances are needed to conduct specific, although a number between 600 and 1000 euros can turn the air conditioning and alarm system.

The system evolution is marked by the evolution of electronics and computing. At the end of the decade of the 50 use computers transistor marked the beginning of smaller teams, fast and versatile machines that allow the valves.
Ten years later, shows the integrated circuit (IC), which enables the manufacture of many transistors on a single silicon chip.
mid 70's the microprocessor becomes reality. Displayed the first systems capable of direct digital control (DDC).
In the early 80's appears the personal computer. The one of the microprocessors is extended and will cost significantly reduced.
At the beginning of the 90 displayed the first control systems with BUS technology and from there begin to evolve in a manner similar to that of computers personal: it is not important that the well control equipment, but it is essential to be able to easily show the hundreds or thousands of data they use. With the advent of graphical operating systems Windows 3.x, Windows 95 and beyond, the systems become something easy to use an operator.
words, home automation applications combine a variety of applications in electronics and computing, so that progress on these will cause changes and improvements in home automation systems, making it a completed application nothing but a optimum position for further growth.
And despite all the possibilities of home automation offers knowledge by the population of this system is still very limited, and the study of this innovative application in the construction sector, very low.

Yaz More Drug_side_effects

weight ICT

All items we are dealing with, not only as means but also as basic internet. To learn why these actions have similar effects in all countries would have to know the different availability and use of this tool. The above table shows the number of Internet users for each of the countries of the European Union of 25, and the rate of penetration and growth between 2000 and 2005, drawn from a study by Noticiasdot.com .

In 1996, Spain had 487,000 Internet users. In May 2005 were almost 13 million. If we break down the amount by sex, 61% of users are male, while 39% are women. The population with Internet access in 2005 was 32'5, showing a slight increase from 31.5 last year. The percentage of households with internet was 30'9, with the communities with the highest percentage in Catalonia, Madrid and the Basque Country in that order, while those that have a lower percentage are Galicia, Extremadura and Castilla y León. The Valencian Community has a 28.6%.

















Given the enormous possibilities the network offers, the availability of this tool will be crucial to the growth of a country because, taking advantage of the internet (access to information, suppliers, improving contact with clients, monitoring the actions of competitors, lower communications costs and an endless list of opportunities) firms become more competitive. Thus, a government that does not make a proper policy in this regard, is jeopardizing the growth of their country.

In Spain, the provision of computers per 100 people is 18, according to the Institute of Economic Studies in 2004. This figure represents one of the lowest in the European Union, similar to the above only Portugal and Greece, which has only 12. The EU average stands at 36%, while the U.S. is 80% and Nordic countries like Denmark, Norway and Sweden 59%. Behind them, countries like Britain and Germany by 42% to 39%. Again, data showing the relative backwardness of Spain in regards to new technologies and efforts still to be done.

Related articles: Spain, excluding the wireless network world , use of the network in Spain the use of this tool the Plan Avanza and ICT key development human.

Tazorac More Drug_warnings_recalls

Domains. is and. eu

records
domains '. Is' are well below other countries. If we compare our data with those of other European countries, the inadequacy of the figure is clearly seen: while Germany had more than eight million records. 'For' in 2005, and the United Kingdom over six million, Spain had barely 90,000 . For example, in March 2005 the registration of '. Is' was in 2941 for Spain, which is very trivial when compared with the 92,695 Germans or 117,820 records from the UK. The most likely cause this gap is the high price that until 2005 had the records. "is', the highest administrative barriers, slow and ultimately less comfortable. Therefore, Spain is in the ranking of countries with higher generic domains ('. Com'. "Org." Net ")
U.S.
1 º 2 º GERMANY
31,279,071 2,978,653 2,289,345

UK 3 º 4 º CANADA 1,790,670 1,200,135 France

5 º 6 º 7 º
CHINA AUSTRALIA 1,117,588 975,829 785,203 KOREA

8 º 9 º 10 º
SPAIN JAPAN 669,351 654,175

(To see the distribution of domains in the world, see Noticiasdot.com study )

entered in 2005 but the New Plan Domain Registration. "is" which simplified the procedures and has fallen in price (70%) even below. 'com' thus allowing "any citizen or company can register a domain '. is' you want." In addition, the renewed Domain Registration Web page ( https: / / www.nic.es ) automating the registration process thereby allowing the whole operation is performed via on-line. This measure ensured that the domains '. Is' for the year, increased from 85,309 to 298,600.
Since 2006 the trend kept rising, with 16,398 high in February, reaching a total of 335,531 records, quadrupling the figure for that month in 2005. The English generics also recorded in February 9702, which will reach 786,237. In total, the English have 1,121,768 Internet domains, of which the '. Is' still only 30%. However, we note a clear change in trend with the New Plan registering more domains. 'Is' that generic (two thirds of the records were. 'Is').
Nevertheless, Spain has not been superseded in the ranking of top level domains, with 786,237 domains (06/03/2006), ranking ninth.
1 º 39,105,357 U.S. 3,329,248 GERMANY
2 º 3 º UK

4 º CANADA 2,670,905 2,565,687 1,563,140

CHINA 5 º 6 º 7 º
FRANCE AUSTRALIA 1,455,169 1,307,098 792,806
KOREA
8 º 9 º 10 º
786,237 SPAIN ARGENTINA

781,308 (Note: Data may vary slightly depending on the source)

An example of the difficulty was to record '. is' the case of Internautas.es. While Internautas.org managed to record in just 10 minutes, the process involved for the '. Is' 7 months, paperwork, forms, explanations of why they asked ... (And ultimately, a negative decision even though it is an available domain, a English company with a presence on the internet). All this by fax, not so fast, convenient and cheap as the internet.

At first, the request was processed through http://www.nic.es/ belonging to RedIris. Since November 2000 when establishing a public company Red.es, is this body which is responsible for carrying out the procedure. This company controls since that time. 'Is', decreeing a price increase of the domains, there is also the possibility of being auctioned. We .... the English domains. Later, in 2003, the now extinct Ministry of Science and Technology (MCYT) announced a plan Domains. Is which provided some improvements failed to remedy the situation.
The new government initially did not affect the situation, and the trend that had been given so far: domains. is in the ICU, Spain is 7 times more generic domains. Com. Org and. NET. Is , few domains. 'is' , Germany more addresses recorded in three days in a year Spain, Domains. is: September, the worst result of the last two years .. until finally the Ministry of Industry announced 80% rebate on the cost of domains. In November 2005, finally comes into force on New Dominios.es Plan adopted on 19 May with an absolute success number of records. Is : in the first month there were more records in three years: 145 039. The plan involved a simplification in the procedures, reduced permit fees and any natural or legal person wishing to register the name, an initiative included in the Plan Avanza.
The rates approved are: 27'59 € for '. Is' if purchased directly or 4'09 € if through a registrar (in this case, the reduction is 92'09%. It is intended that the registrars bring added value to the very presence of English citizens and businesses on the Net), the domains 'edu.es' and 'gob.es' will cost 30.17 euros directly, and 10 34 euros through the Registrar, and the domains 'com.es', 'org.es' and 'nom.es' 11.64 euros acquired directly, to 1.29 euros by the Registrar.
liberalization. 'Is' was a flood of requests (half million) to quadruple the number of domains registered collapsing servers Red.es.

However, Spain is still among the top ten generic domains in December 2005, but losing occupying a position and therefore the tenth place:
1 USA 2 Germany 35755241 3147199 2591508 3 UK 4 Canada 5 Argentina 2,508,665 1,792,401 6 China 1,427,176 7 France 1,359,912 8 Australia 1281 9 800 798 788 Korea 10 Spain 759,980.

Here is a page that shows the ranking of national domains, of which Spain is the thirtieth position, behind countries like South Africa, Vanuatu, the Czech Republic or Romania. First place is occupied by Germany with 78 million ... Spain has just over one ...

A root Kerstin text also comment, however briefly, the situation in the new domains '. eu' :

Since 7 December 2005 domains '. eu' could be requested by companies based in the Union Europe, but it was not until April 7 when the applications have been studied by every European citizen. The third-level domains are therefore complement the existing national domains, being, for example, an address'. Es.eu. " Thus we expect the EU to increase its presence on the web. The problem, noted by Rafael Citoler, Arsys, is that "given the size Community market, there are numerous similarities in the brand name "and for these cases, the domain will belong to the first to register. This may lead to speculation and abusive situations, so it has created a procedure called" Politics of Alternative Solution Dispute (ADR) to mediate the conflict, to be extended it by the Czech Arbitration Court, based in Prague.

During the first full opening day of registration, were more than a million requests taken ( in the first four hours were almost 717 000). At 15:00 hours, the requests were classified as follows: 173,000 English, 144,000 German 102,000 Dutch, 67,000 Cypriots, 55,000 Swedes, 27,000 French and 24,500 Belgians. According to estimates of daily Cinco Dias ElConfidencial or the English would, as always, in less fortunate positions, not giving due importance to this new possibility. The sunrise period for registration of companies and organizations of about 340,000 requests accepted or pending acceptance, only 9,331 are from Spain (which accounts for 2.8% of requests), compared with 20,390 in Italy, 54,972 from the Netherlands, Germany 28'9%, 11% of France or 9'2% of the UK. In particular name applications are expected the same trend, that is, new data that shows how Spain is still the tail end of Europe. According to Luis Marramendi, Elzaburu lawyer, one of the registration authorities, may not be only the lack of English interest in the European domain, it is possible that "has not been given the necessary publicity or has not been able to communicate its importance to companies. "

Total Insect Killer Review

New state of the European airline industry

The liberalization of the airline industry in Europe in the mid-90 caused two effects: firstly, the traditional companies (British Airways, Air France, Alitalia, KLM, Iberia ...) is not competed yes, respecting other markets, on the other, using deregulation, new companies emerged that gained market share at first by the low price of their tickets. This really has caused major changes in the major airlines that have had to carry out restructuring, promotion, price reduction ... In addition, at the national level should take into account the expansion of the Barajas airport and El Prat airport opening Don Quixote in Ciudad Real and expanding the network of high speed trains, many variables to be considered for (...) With the same problem the following review aims to provide an overview of the new situation.

Iberia and British Airways that three years ago they had announced an alliance of large joint projects have revealed the freezing of this idea, arguing that the companies should concentrate their efforts on restructuring processes in which are immersed. Offensive to the low cost airlines and rising oil prices have opted to slow down the process, considering that "before shaking the agreement, each company must be stronger," as stated Jordi Porcel, head of BA in Spain and Portugal.
The idea was to expand the flight characteristics of the Madrid-Barcelona-London London (Code-sharing, joint management and revenue sharing and benefits) to other lines. But the emergence of low cost airlines, is causing a radical transformation in the sector, putting in trouble incumbents and forcing them to make strategic plans. The Master Plan for Iberia, which ends in 2008, aims to improve operating margin by 600 million euros, while the business plan for British Airways plans to save 651 million euros and goes through 4 basic objectives: 1) investing 589 million euros to modernize the Club World Business Class (business class) and deslazarse at Heathrow's Terminal 5 2 º) to reduce 600 jobs managerial positions (35% of them) so to save 73 million euros a year. 3 º) renaming the subsidiary British Airways CitiExpress under the name of BA Connect to compete more aggressively with low-cost carriers 4 º) delaying the retirement age for pilots 5 years, reaching 60 to thereby reduce the deficit of 2,000 million euros of corporate pension plan, delaying the retirement of the crew from age 55 to 65 and the ground staff of the current 60 to 65. It also aims to limit annual growth to 2.5% pension


Vueling is a Catalan company of low cost who settled in the market in 2004 to offer flights with a top-flight service, besides being the first to assign seats via the Internet, an option taken by 70% of passengers (96 % as the CEO of the entity). Its main gimmick is the fleet of aircraft, A-320, which consume 30% less fuel. With an initial investment of 30 million euros and a capital increase by the same amount of revenues of 136 million euros in 2005, over 20 million above its estimates and 6 times more than the results obtained in 2004. According to the Secretary of State, Ministry of Tourism and Commerce is the company airline with the most growth for that year, with passenger growth of 400% and 500% in revenue. By 2006, increase the number of A-320-16 incorporating 7 new aircraft will expand the workforce in proportion going from 402 to 825 and launch at least nine new domestic and international routes as they seek to obtain an income of 260 million euros. In 2007 completed its initial plans fleet expansion, reaching 25 aircraft. The success of your business relies on being a low cost but with services that are not normally associated with them: newspapers, food (paying), new aircraft and pilots.


Founded in 1987, Spanair was erected in a few years in the second airline in Spain. Spanair has increased in 2005 for domestic flights (getting a turnover of 995 million euros) thus undermining the traditional English airline, Iberia. Before the offensive Aeball Air Plus Airlines, Aerolineas Argentinas, Air Pullmantur, Austral, AeroPeru and Spanair, belonging to the group Marsans , with a fleet of 140 aircraft, very close to that of Iberia, it had to enter a war rate, leading to reduce the price of their tickets by 50% and must undertake various promotional campaigns. Therefore, it was reduced turnover in the domestic market by 1.9%, representing 1,238 million euros. The company offset this decline with income growth of 5.3% (to 1,120 million euros) for flights to Europe, Africa and the Middle East and 13'1% (1,252 million euros) lines long distance, mainly to Latin America, destination you want to focus Iberia reducing the number of domestic flights by 2008 it was impossible to compete with low cost companies. This decision is anticipated to events, but perhaps it is a good option to know the effects of low-cost carriers were in the United Kingdom, where they swept British Airways on the routes that had been doing historically. Nevertheless, Iberia ended the year 2005 with 398'5 million euros, 99'5% more than in 2004 due to the added value achieved through the sale of its shares in the central reservation and Savia Amadeus.


Although will never fly Ryanair to Madrid, and he is not interested in major airports, it could do Easyjet already done 25% of its business in Spain. The opening of the new terminal 4 of Barajas is a good opportunity for authorities to arise if they are interested in becoming a hotbed of cheap flights, which Barcelona and is counting with Easyjet and Vueling. Easyjet has Madrid as its first candidate European to its new location on the continent before 2007 to consider the European city with the greatest growth potential for low cost. His intention is to open 3 8 international and domestic routes with a traffic volume of one million passengers the first year and expand within 3 to 5 years to 30 destinations with traffic close to 3 million. The company estimates that the impact on gross regional product would be 600 million per year with the creation of 9,000 jobs directly and indirectly. Another possible impact to the entrance of the company under cost in Madrid, specializing in business travel would be the seasonality of tourism.

With the new situation in the aviation sector, Iberia had to consider a Plan , as between 2006 and 2008, which aims to increase revenue, increase productivity and reduce costs. It prioritizes the improvement of the current network vs. growth.
measures to be undertaken are: adapt the size and presence to profitability, improve management, efficiency and competitiveness, optimize fleet use, maintenance and utilization, improve staff productivity and reducing costs Unit labor, optimize revenue for each business segment to maintain the distinction between Business and Economy Class, but by enhancing the quality as a way to capture high-value customers. In fact, introduce a new class called Business Plus that unfolds in a series of flight services has already begun to be fruitful, boost business traffic to Latin America because of its competitive advantages, increasing the number of places offered coach class by replacing the current seats by less bulky, increase direct sales from the current 18.5 to 37% reduction in staff in all areas of the company, staff due to its excessive size and the freezing of salaries of the "survivors" and salaries linked to the achievement of results; outsource low value-added processes and automating tasks, enhancing services to third in the maintenance of engines and components, increased use of new technologies in terms of self-billing and online billing concerns, and increasing the hours of flight time by reducing the scale and expectation.

Bussines Plus The new class will seats convertible into beds of 190 cm long with massage function and all an array of amenities and utilities for business trips: armrest, leg rest and adjustable headrests, individual lights, adjustable touch screen 10.4''individual, individual satellite phone, laptop, email, SMS, 26 video channels and 15 audio ... Just as a self-service bar area, updating designs and materials (upholstery, blankets, toiletries ...) and other privileges. The investment exceeds one hundred million euros.
However, if you are critical of the measures, anyone can grasp that this is not any counter-attack but simply Iberia assumed its inability to compete with low cost companies and is resigned to specialize in long-haul and high net worth clients.

Iberia has not only launched the price war , but more recently it has decided to join the low cost. After starting talks with Iberostar last January to jointly participate in the creation of a new low cost airline, on 26 April revealed details on the alliance to be carried out and that would have a powerful base of operations in Barcelona. According to Angel Muller, CEO of Iberia, the official launch of the project could occur later this year or early 2007. However, the main low cost companies predict the failure of this project.

In one of the most important times for the sector-Easter- a further rise of oil prices has been noted on the tickets. These have been increased the amount since the airlines have decided to pass on the increase as aforesaid. Thus, Iberia and Spanair have included a charge of 10 euros on domestic routes, Iberia has increased the existing rate of 10 euros on domestic flights as part of an international connection to 15 euros, two more (to 60) on intercontinental flights, keeping only the rate of European flights by 20 euros. Air Europa has increased the price of its domestic routes 9 and 56 euros in the Intercontinental, plus a surcharge of 10 euros if the flight makes a stop in Madrid.

A week later, the airline is expanding the surcharge (between 10 and 20 €) to the European routes, while Air Europa and Iberia declare that they plan to revise the price of their tickets to the upside, at least "with immediate effect" .

On 21 April the British English Airways said it would increase the fuel surcharge for tickets at 5 pounds, 35 pounds to reach the long distance path and maintain the 8-pound fee on short flights. With this, the airline's commercial director Martin George
, estimated up the bill this fiscal year to 2,200 million pounds, instead of the originally planned 2,000 million. George said that with the current oil prices (above $ 70 a barrel) in fuel costs would amount to 1,600 million pounds, making it necessary for both the increase of the supplement.

in Spain and Europe's low cost carriers now account for 20% of the share market. It then presents a list of the leading European flights by offering seats in 2005:
1 º RyanAir with 40,039
2 º Easyjet with 35,829
3 º Air Berlin with 17,261
4 th Air One with 7,539
5 º Eurowings with 6,709
6 º Meridiana 6212
7 º Deutsche BA in 5757
8 º Flybe to 5,408
9 º Bmibaby with 5,098
10 º Sterling 5,046
11 º Hapag-Lloyd Espress with 4,444
12 º Norwegian Air Schuttle with 4,156
13 º Transavia with 3,670

For Spain, Iberia controls a 51% share, behind, Spanair and Air Europa with 20 and 13% respectively.



Bibliography: Expansion Journal

http://www.elblogsalmon.com/
http://grupo.iberia.es/

Darmowe Fora Bez Reklamy

influence of new technologies in the workplace

One aspect crucial for those who today are profoundly changing the characteristics of the job, working conditions, work experiences, and even the very concept of work is increasing technological innovation, both in production processes of goods and service management is taking place today. In a simple, technological change can be considered as increased automation, from the 60's, the work processes. This change is the rapid advance of computer and telecommunication technologies. For example, the work machine is an increase in autonomy and the complexity of the task while freeing the worker from more routine tasks allowing you more specialized and significant.
The progressive introduction of new technologies results in employees being involved in their management, because they need to perform their jobs. Attitudes towards ICT's are important because they predict the behavior of use and effectiveness of computer use. Results obtained depend on 1) the longer of use, improved attitudes, 2) a higher level of knowledge and training, greater awareness of its usefulness for the task 3) to more training for the management of technological systems developed in the job itself , more positive attitude 4) worse if proliferate emotional reactions like fear or anxiety (beneficial if it leads to attraction, interest ...) or responses such as stress and headache, plus any changes that occur in the workplace can be stressful, especially technological change given its newness 5) as the personal characteristics of young people show more favorable attitudes, while by gender data are not conclusive.

NEW FORMS OF WORK
With new technologies there are new configurations of the working environment. They both have information management and a breakdown of traditional patterns temporary (part-time sharing, flexible hours) and spatial patterns (telecommuting, work at home). Thus, new forms of work such as:
- Teleworking: In this way, the work is far from the headquarters of the company. This brings advantages such as cost savings (in local, lighting, cleaning ...) for the company, reduced absenteeism, more efficient use of time, greater autonomy, greater flexibility to adapt the schedule of leisure activities, better facilities for the care of the family or increased job satisfaction, but also includes certain disadvantages: it decreases social interaction, difficult to coordinate activities, causes changes in monitoring and control systems and finally, change the conditions of work, at home may not be the most appropriate.
- Distributed Work Groups: These are a new form of collaborative work by geographically dispersed work groups, without having to hold face to face meetings. They rely on multiple communications between different computer-assisted places (Eg, by teleconference) and the use of any network or sending and reception of audiovisual signals (such as videoconferencing). This is called Cooperative Systems for Workgroups (GCWS) for those who have developed advanced software products that facilitate planning meetings and decision-making processes in groups, called Systems Group Decision Support (GDSS).

CHANGES IN THE LABOUR MARKET
The automation of work seems to lead to increased unemployment rates in the near future, while long-term economic growth could occur leading to increased employment. What es cierto es que las TIC’s posibilitan una mayor flexibilización e integración de los procesos de producción lo que supone un abandono de la organización fondista y taylorista del trabajo y la búsqueda y utilización de otras más adecuadas para un mercado laboral más flexible.
La introducción de las nuevas tecnologías produce un reajuste de la fuentes de empleo, esto es, el empleo se concentra en los sectores tecnológicamente avanzados y se cree que en los próximos años aparecerán nuevos puestos industriales en empresas consideradas de alta tecnología. Además, el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías puede ser bueno debido al constante producción del Software, que requiere el trabajo systems analysts, programmers, operators and, in general, employment in occupations related to information processing and management. WORK CLIMATE

The working environment is a subjective perception on the set of attributes of the work environment. This can be analyzed from two perspectives: from the point of view of the company and from the standpoint of the individual:
- From the point of view of the company: there are a number of structural and contextual elements that influence the company in the organizational environment: 1) Size: We present an external factor. Is negatively correlated with the degree of employee satisfaction with the activities carried -The larger the organization, fewer tasks per worker, the attraction to other members, the larger, less attractive, "and positively with the perception of inflexibility, the larger, less likely to innovate, change the rules. ..- and bureaucratization of the organization. In conclusion, very large companies is not usually perceived a good working atmosphere [See Annex] 2) Specialization of the task: it shows a negative relationship, as it is associated with more routine, more boredom ... Thus, decentralization may be beneficial in that the worker has a relative autonomy to do their jobs, which will also further increased cohesion, affection, support and openness in situations of conflict. 3) The management and leadership styles: According to Litwin formal and bureaucratic style with emphasis on the formalization and hierarchy produces "a restrictive climate, cold conservative" pro marked isolation and avoidance of conflict. However, a participative style with emphasis on structure, informal relations and friendly cooperation, produced "an atmosphere relaxed, friendly, very informal and personally satisfying." but do which of the two gives better results? If you want to get is maximum performance, it is best use the formal style because it makes workers more productive. But if it is to allow the workers to remain at the company and are satisfied with their job, they used the participatory approach which requires job level and relies on a personal level. An achievement-oriented style and achievement, where high values \u200b\u200bproductivity, innovation and creativity produced a climate in which there is warm relationships, responsibility, rewards and support. The climate is seen as poorly structured, which rewards individual initiative.
- From the standpoint of the individual, the weather is not a good predictor of the type of conduct that members will develop: there is good weather does not necessarily cause the subjects to work harder or better, on the contrary, it is found that bad weather in the individual discourage work by reducing their effort and increasing their desire to leave the company. As an example of the influence of climate, a study was conducted at the Hawthorne factory of the Western Electric Company in 1924. Harvard researchers wanted to study the relationship between illumination and efficiency. To this end, increased light, and observed how effectively workers improve their efficiency. For the same group of people, declined to very low levels of light and found that, contrary to expectations, the effectiveness continued to grow. This is because workers were proud of being studied and therefore tried to impress by being more productive. However, after a time, employees became accustomed to the presence of researchers, declining production to baseline levels. This became known as "Hawthorne effect" and comes on to explain that there was a change in the behavior of the workers before the introduction of a new treatment, usually a new or increased attention away to the extent that such treatment is no longer novel . MOTIVATION

born in 1881 the first school of professional management at the University of Pennsylvania at a time when the U.S. began to appear large companies with many employees that creates the need for management to divide and coordinate the various departments. Two years later, Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) began experiments on two steel mills where he developed his philosophy of "scientific management" supported on assembly lines based on skilled labor workers. This brought various consequences: first there was more in less time and better quality, but the workers lost interest in tasks given the monotonicity of them.
In 1911, Hugo Munsterberg , considered by many the father of industrial psychology, warned the managers of the importance of regarding the minds of workers, such as fatigue, monotony, interest, enthusiasm for learning, job satisfaction or reward. Taylor for his part, was the one who made the first reasonably understandable in management philosophies. Redesign the job to achieve greater results for the company and higher wages for workers. In 1903 he published a book called Shop Management in which he explained that managers should encourage workers to prevent the natural tendencies of these "cogieran it easy." Published in 1911 The main I Scientific Management, in which its key principles were the scientific design of working methods to increase the effectiveness and the selection of the best workers they had to train with the best methods. As a mechanical engineer, his main comments focused on the industrial sector. For instance, showed workers how to handle heavy ingots more productively using the breaks: he taught them when to work and when to rest by increasing the productivity of 12.5 to 47 tons moved in a day, representing an increase rather than remarkable. In turn, there was less fatigue and, although they increased wages, costs dropped to one third of a ton.
In 1933 Elton Mayo warned the existence of informal groups and their effects on production, the importance of attitude with employees while maintaining a friendly and comprehensive monitoring and treating people as people and not just human capital.
Among the existing theories and accepted, is that of Abraham H. Maslow who developed a hierarchy of needs of 5 types so that until they meet the needs of an order does not feel the need to satisfy the following in the hierarchy. These needs form a pyramid at whose base are physiological needs. These are the first priority of individuals and are related to survival, would be food, water, air, rest, shelter ... Once these basic needs, people would worry about the security of keeping the lows and not feel threatened by environmental circumstances. After this step would be the social acceptance, which refers to social needs and the feeling of belonging to a group. Is associated with emotional relationships and the need for love and affection. The fourth step is composed of self-esteem needs, ie the feeling of being respected and have the confidence and the estimation group others in the form of reputation, social status, recognition or importance. Finally, at the top, would the needs of self, that is, the desire of individuals to perform to their full potential.
This theory, despite being widespread, also has some criticism, as not always satisfied needs are less important than the unmet or it is not always necessary to cover the lower needs for higher spending to cover.
Meanwhile, McGregor Maslow integrates into 3 levels: physiological and safety needs, social needs and self-actualization needs. Thus, once covered basic needs, the company must establish a new climate for the satisfaction of higher needs. Thus, the organization is to guide individuals to achieve their own goals and personal growth while direct their efforts toward organizational objectives.
On the other hand, justice and equity theory argues that motivation is a process of social comparison which takes into account the effort and results or rewards received and then compared with the efforts of others. As a result, there is a perception of equity or inequity (justice or injustice). Inequity creates a tension that drives a person to try to reduce this imbalance.
Another theory is that made by Herzberg considering that there are two factors that explain the motivation of workers: those related to the work and its contents (responsibility, autonomy, recognition, interesting work ...) and related to the context in which work is performed and the treatment received (working conditions, wages, social ...). Thus, managers of teams should be amended so that they get a proper motivation of its workers.
The motivation, according Vroom is the result of the value the individual puts on the possible outcomes of their actions and the expectation of its objectives. This theory emphasizes the individuality and variability of the motivating forces, unlike Maslow's theory implicitly generalizes.
theory McClelland believes that the needs of people learning the culture of a society. This is a factor explaining the differences between occupational demands in different countries. For example, in China the wage is very low and can basically meet the primary needs and their strikes are based on work to show the employer what they can do. This approach is unthinkable in Europe, where the satisfaction of basic needs is somewhat insufficient to feel fulfilled. Therefore, the requirements also vary with individuals, also have a strong cultural influence.
The culmination of this relationship of theories about motivation, I would add the theory of complex man Shein, who believes that while individuals tend to meet a number of needs-a basic and other higher-order, the needs met may recur, may change and may be replaced by others. That is, the needs are not only different for different people, but they are also different for the same person as the time or circumstances. Hence the complexity in dealing workers and communication needs to know in every moment of their concerns and needs.


extrinsic motivational factors, ie, dependent on the attitude of the company (refer to the intrinsic content of the work itself) are:
- Employment stability: it will be a motivating factor if the person has such stability the feeling of being competent, that their efforts contribute in some way to the company. That is, job stability is a potential motivating factor.
- Opportunities for advancement and promotion, these opportunities are associated with greater expectation of employment status and social recognition skill, effort of the subject, higher incomes, increased job responsibility and autonomy and the possibility of making tasks more interesting and meaningful. However, this is not motivating for everyone because some people do not want to see increased responsibilities
- Conditions of work: they are all circumstantial aspect that occurs in the workplace, both physical and environmental factors temporary circumstances under which workers perform their work, ie all those elements that are placed around the work without the work itself, all factors that surround it. Would include the availability of material resources and technical knowledge, good physical working conditions (lighting, space, ventilation ...) and time (usually preferred schedules compatible with leisure activities, for example, the Nokia company philosophy is that people feel responsible so you have to do and not so much times, as stated Marieta del Rivero, CEO of the English branch-).
- Ability to participate in the work: the opportunity to participate in the work can become an instrument to meet the needs of self, increasing the sense of competence and personal control. It can also increase the chances of achieving goals, facilitate the identification with corporate objectives and promote a greater involvement in their achievement. However, such participation must be voluntary, since if it is perceived as imposed decrease motivation.
- Social Environment: Refers to the opportunities it can offer the job to interact with peers, customers ... Social interaction is to some a highly valued because it satisfies needs for affiliation and social contact. Here, too, would reflect the motivational characteristics of the working groups as they work together in a group cohesion, participation, collaboration, common goal setting and the generation of interpersonal needs.
- Compensation: Although an important motivational aspect is difficult to determine the potential motivations for people. The money you want because it serves to obtain material goods and to provide social status and prestige. At first, it will be a motivating factor, since it is necessary to meet basic needs and safety. But after reaching an average level of living, salary will not be perceived as a motivating factor, since people may prefer to enjoy what we have to work harder to try to obtain something that sucks. In the end, a person earning a million a day, I will do better with the promise of two. Ie, where a time of high solvency, are other factors such as prestige or recognition those carrying an individual to work.
Therefore, the degree of job satisfaction will be related to a wide range of factors: the degree of autonomy, responsibility for tasks or individuals, the degree of importance of decision making, applied skills, expectations of promotion and business development, personal, work climate ...


APPENDIX: MOTIVATION IN BIG COMPANIES
When a company has a small number of workers, have a direct and close contact is quite simple. However, when an organization reaches considerable size, the relationship with workers becomes more complicated. Creating a good work environment and motivate employees properly is a complex task, but to be carried out so thoroughly. As stated by Francisco Castañar
(CEO of Nestlé Human Resources) to the economic news magazine be an attractive employer is vital for your computer is full of galaxies and their motivation is rather high. " In business, much time is spent on finding the most suitable workers for each position and to make plans for growth in the most talented employees. These they put in difficult situations, must make difficult tasks in shorter time frames because they believe that "it is necessary to place potential employees in positions where they can show their capabilities." The workers must know that the company is committed to them in their promotion plans. The Amparo Moraleda IBM President added "we tried to high-potential people will notice and not just on the payroll" Another example would be Google that the company has 4,183 employees. To motivate them, beyond the monetary reward, it focuses on social aspects: high-service kitchen, laundry, large soft armchairs offices, game rooms, massage, gym, hairdresser, buses, free drinks and snacks ... all factors that make an ideal environment posed an incentive to the time of going to work. These services make workers feel integrated and valued within the company, not to mention the savings that were supposed not to hire such services to others and saving time by not having to travel. Even more, they can spend 20% of their time to develop their own projects, so the possibility of creating new tools is multiplied. To this should be added that Google workers work with programs developed or purchased by the company, so they can know perfectly the problems and weaknesses of these, may file imperfections. Another technological application that has helped improve communication with employees are corporate blogs, adopted the above mentioned companies as Google and Nokia and many others among which are Benetton, General Motors , Boing , Siemens, McDonalds and even the Barbie . Leaving aside the economic benefits that may involve less use of paper or communication to employees, the possibilities of communication and feedback from these sites are a great way to socialize while workers encouraging a greater commitment to the company and results.


Bibliography:
http://es.wikipedia.org/
http://www.blogscorporativos.com/
http://www.eumed.net/cursecon/2/necesidades_sociales.htm
www.gestiopolis.com/canales/gerencial/articulos/18/jerarquia.htm

The organization of the commercial department of Rafael González Muñiz
Psychological theories of motivation and Fany Yessica Aguirre Jardón Cedillo García (UNAM)