(follow notes - 9 and 10)
(9) The word millet would be the Turkish equivalent of a religious community is ie, a territory occupied by a minority, usually in a different religion than most (in fact motivated by such minorities belong to a substrate of the population, a high percentage of cases, ethnically different, and invaded, and absorbed by another layer majority .) The concept is close to that of autonomy and was a management system polñítica the Ottoman Empire continued in view of the many internal tensions caused by the coexistence of different ethnic groups and religions. For Eastern Europe, the head of millet s fell on a Patriarch of the Orthodox Church appointed directly by the sultan. Among the most significant, we cite:
- Muslims, the Ottoman sultan was himself the caliph since 1517, once the Mamluk Empire of Egypt passed into the hands of the Porte . As with the title of Roman emperor, assumed the Turkish sultans of Caliph . Forces reunited the Western Christian states and deal with the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, the approach to Islam by the Turks was higher, because it served as an attraction to the call to defend the Christian infidel. Subsequently, the pro-Islamic stance the Turks came into question when confronted with the Arab-independence riots that arose in different parts of its territory, near the end of the existence of these minorities Imperio.Todas Arabs were scattered multiple places and it was impossible to lump them in millets based on a criterion of territory.
- Jews, basically enjoyed the same privileges and obligations as the Orthodox (now see). Thessaloniki was a major focus Jew and flourished economically, peaking in the s. XIX, when he became possibly the city "Jewish " largest and most prosperous in the world.
- Orthodox Christians, although the name refers to the Greeks dominated the Ottoman Empire, all the Orthodox were included in the millet-i Rum ( Roman community) under the hegemony of the patriarch of Constantinople, Istanbul . This meant that many different ethnic groups like Serbs, Bulgarians, Vlachs, Romanians and Greeks themselves, whether stuck in the same bag , but in fact, the church hierarchy in these places was predominantly Greek. Enjoyed considerable autonomy in tax matters and administration of justice, but were forced to swear allegiance and undying loyalty to the Ottoman Empire.
There were also other Christian minorities such as Armenians (Evangelical-Apostolic), the Coptic and Syrian Orthodox, which constituted millets both ethnically and religiously defined, mainly due to easy geographical location of these communities.
(10) There are many disputes raised about the death of Constantine, although most studies indicate that died fighting in defense of the walls.
It is said that on 25 May, a procession with icons Orthodox and Catholic images through the center of the city to Hagia Sofia, which hosted a grand farewell Mass rang and where concelebrated by the two rites, Orthodox and Catholic, as a sign of courtesy and deference to allies Latino advocates. The collapse of some images from their bases during this procession, was interpreted as a bad omen for the inhabitants of the city. According Phrantzes account, after embracing one to one commanders, Constantine gave a speech to the defenders that has survived to this day:
This Mass was the last of Christian liturgy celebrated in the Basilica of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and probably (in my point of view) the most moving of all the history of Christianity.
According Phrantzes Constantine die near the Puerta de San Roman. After getting rid of the imperial regalia, took to the melee in a breach of the wall through which the Turkish outposts beginning to penetrate. The body would be recognized by the Turks because of his purple shoes, reserved exclusively for the emperor. Mehmet rush to bury him in a mass grave with the intention to prevent him lifting up the surviving inhabitants some kind of shrine where they worship after his death.
Others argue that mingled with the population without their attributes imperial dress and saved his life in anonymity. This is quite unlikely.
There is also a trend that suggests that Turkish leaders made their body as a trophy of war and the viscera was removed. In this guise he was hung in the column of Constantine I, command Byzantium Roman imperial power, as a sign of humiliation to the vanquished and Mehmet ordered his head embalmed and kept as a trophy particular.
General Notaras was pardoned, in principle, by the Sultan, who wanted a quick restoration of order, and also because the general wealth possessed. However, five days after the pardon, the Sultan gave a great banquet where she received news of a eunuch about the beauty of the eldest son of Notaras. Mehmet sent after him with the intention of converting the firstborn of the Byzantine general in one of his officers, something that Notaras refused, so he, his son and stepson were brought before the sultan, who ordered beheading.
Another theory suggests that Notaras retained part of the imperial treasury and given to Mehmet as proof of goodwill. The Sultan, not impressed and grateful, suggested that this money should be used to defend the city against its own attack, so Notaras was considered a traitor to their cause, so, it would also potentially the Turkish-and implemented it.
Isidore of Kiev escaped the massacre wearing clothes with a dead cardinal, whom the Turks thought it was the religious head cut off and paraded in triumph through the city, while, Cardinal true "escaped" disguised as a prisoner on a ship to Asia Minor, where he escaped (or buy their freedom) a few years later. Giovani
Giustiniani was wounded and evacuated to a ship could escape to Chios, where he died in early June because of injuries and (allegedly) bitter for having abandoned his post.
Phrantzes in principle fell to the Turks, but bought his freedom and fled to the Peloponnese, where he obtained the protection of Thomas Palaeologus, despot of Morea and brother of Constantine defeated.
most defenseless population (elderly, women and children) ran to seek refuge in churches and convents. In Hagia Sofia, the Turks broke the doors and took slaves imploring the crowd, but not before sharing the most beautiful women considered to violate, a destination that also waited for the nuns of various nunneries.
(10) There are many disputes raised about the death of Constantine, although most studies indicate that died fighting in defense of the walls.
It is said that on 25 May, a procession with icons Orthodox and Catholic images through the center of the city to Hagia Sofia, which hosted a grand farewell Mass rang and where concelebrated by the two rites, Orthodox and Catholic, as a sign of courtesy and deference to allies Latino advocates. The collapse of some images from their bases during this procession, was interpreted as a bad omen for the inhabitants of the city. According Phrantzes account, after embracing one to one commanders, Constantine gave a speech to the defenders that has survived to this day:
[...] My lords, my brothers, my friends. The latest honor to us as Christians is in our hands [...] So it is now time that the enemy of our faith wherever we are threatened by [...] I trust in you, in your value in this beautiful and famous city in our country [...] There are four main reasons why they are worth dying for: faith, home, family and Basileus. Now you must be willing to sacrifice your lives for these things, as I also am willing to sacrifice my own life [...] As of today, Latinos and the Romans are the same people, united in God and with God's help we to save Constantinople.
This Mass was the last of Christian liturgy celebrated in the Basilica of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and probably (in my point of view) the most moving of all the history of Christianity.
According Phrantzes Constantine die near the Puerta de San Roman. After getting rid of the imperial regalia, took to the melee in a breach of the wall through which the Turkish outposts beginning to penetrate. The body would be recognized by the Turks because of his purple shoes, reserved exclusively for the emperor. Mehmet rush to bury him in a mass grave with the intention to prevent him lifting up the surviving inhabitants some kind of shrine where they worship after his death.
Others argue that mingled with the population without their attributes imperial dress and saved his life in anonymity. This is quite unlikely.
There is also a trend that suggests that Turkish leaders made their body as a trophy of war and the viscera was removed. In this guise he was hung in the column of Constantine I, command Byzantium Roman imperial power, as a sign of humiliation to the vanquished and Mehmet ordered his head embalmed and kept as a trophy particular.
General Notaras was pardoned, in principle, by the Sultan, who wanted a quick restoration of order, and also because the general wealth possessed. However, five days after the pardon, the Sultan gave a great banquet where she received news of a eunuch about the beauty of the eldest son of Notaras. Mehmet sent after him with the intention of converting the firstborn of the Byzantine general in one of his officers, something that Notaras refused, so he, his son and stepson were brought before the sultan, who ordered beheading.
Another theory suggests that Notaras retained part of the imperial treasury and given to Mehmet as proof of goodwill. The Sultan, not impressed and grateful, suggested that this money should be used to defend the city against its own attack, so Notaras was considered a traitor to their cause, so, it would also potentially the Turkish-and implemented it.
Isidore of Kiev escaped the massacre wearing clothes with a dead cardinal, whom the Turks thought it was the religious head cut off and paraded in triumph through the city, while, Cardinal true "escaped" disguised as a prisoner on a ship to Asia Minor, where he escaped (or buy their freedom) a few years later. Giovani
Giustiniani was wounded and evacuated to a ship could escape to Chios, where he died in early June because of injuries and (allegedly) bitter for having abandoned his post.
Phrantzes in principle fell to the Turks, but bought his freedom and fled to the Peloponnese, where he obtained the protection of Thomas Palaeologus, despot of Morea and brother of Constantine defeated.
most defenseless population (elderly, women and children) ran to seek refuge in churches and convents. In Hagia Sofia, the Turks broke the doors and took slaves imploring the crowd, but not before sharing the most beautiful women considered to violate, a destination that also waited for the nuns of various nunneries.
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