(Continued, Notes from -1 to 5)
Constantinopoli (Collection (www.Babaros. biz) Turk Denizcilik -23 Sitesi Tarihi
Muhteşem Courtesy Denizcilik Tarihimiz
Besitkas, Istanbul-Türkiye)
(1) Hisari Rumeli Building took only four months and it is estimated that some 3,000 men participated. At term, it stationed a garrison of 400 soldiers with about 100 pieces of artillery. These guns, together with those of Anadolu Hisari on the Asian shore, made the Turks ending for controlling access by sea to the Golden Horn Being conquered the city, these strengths began to lose importance strategic and allocated to other uses, particularly the prisons, especially political and war prisoners. After 1833, the fort was abandoned, most of rotting wood and entering a phase of decline and ruin, with the collapse of some roofs and other parts of the wall. To mark the 500th anniversary of the capture of the city, began its restoration and today is a place to visit. Inside it retains a Hellenistic amphitheater where festivals take place, as well as the Open Air Museum in Istanbul.
from the Bosphorus Rumeli Hisari 
Hellenic Amphitheatre inside Rumeli Hisari 
Anadolu Hisari © Copyright by Resimcity.NET Resim Galerisi
(2) France and England had been encountered in Hundred Years War , which just ended in 1453. In England, the unrest caused by the defeat against France dwindled in War of the Roses (1455-1485). The kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula were involved in the Reconquista. In Germany followed the internal struggles for control of the Holy Imperio.Por its part, Poland and Hungary had been defeated by the Turks in 1444 in the Battle of Varna .
The Holy Roman Empire and the papacy had reached an agreement (Concordat of Aschaffenburg , just outside Vienna) which recognize the first Pope Nicholas V in return for this crowned emperor Federico III. Upon signing of the Concordat, both states had been involved in several disputes over control of various areas of the Italic Penísula with excommunication by the Vatican and the appointment of antipopes by supporters of union with the Orthodox do not (namely Amadeus V of Savoy, appointed pope by the Council of Basel as Felix V - see note (9) of Part 1-).
Nicholas V was to send some ships under the command of Cardinal Isidro, accompanied by a bodyguard of 300 archers from Naples, who arrived in the city on April 20, 1453, mocking the Turkish blockade as stated in the entry.
The Holy Roman Empire and the papacy had reached an agreement (Concordat of Aschaffenburg , just outside Vienna) which recognize the first Pope Nicholas V in return for this crowned emperor Federico III. Upon signing of the Concordat, both states had been involved in several disputes over control of various areas of the Italic Penísula with excommunication by the Vatican and the appointment of antipopes by supporters of union with the Orthodox do not (namely Amadeus V of Savoy, appointed pope by the Council of Basel as Felix V - see note (9) of Part 1-).
Nicholas V was to send some ships under the command of Cardinal Isidro, accompanied by a bodyguard of 300 archers from Naples, who arrived in the city on April 20, 1453, mocking the Turkish blockade as stated in the entry.
Frederick III is crowned by Nicholas V (3) The Genoese had Pera, Beyoğlu today, also known as Gaul, on the Asian shore of the Golden Horn had been established after the retaking of the city by Michael VIII Palaeologus in return for the assistance from Genoa to expel the crusaders in 1261. Meanwhile, Venice had Euboea, Rhodes, Crete and Cyprus, apart from some smaller Aegean islands and various enclaves in the Balkans. Both republics were involved in the defense of Constantinople more by market forces themselves that real support to the Byzantines. Captain Giovanni Giustiniani Longo, although Genoa, attended by private initiative, accompanied by some 700 soldiers. The city had about 50,000 inhabitants, few, if we consider that at the time of its peak had exceeded 500,000.
The Golden Horn, Pera right to (Osmanli Stock Kartpostal -63
Muhteşem Courtesy Tarihimiz Denizcilik
Besitkas, Istanbul-Türkiye)
(4) Apparently a certain Orban, probably Hungarian origin (although some argue that he was German), master founder, who had entered the service of the Turks, was the architect of sudden technical progress in the heavy artillery of the Turks. I say apparently , because despite the investigations carried out and some historical evidence, the question remains obscure. This Orban would first contact Constantine to sell their services something that Byzantium was unable to finance because of the scarcity of financial resources at the time, so the emperor decided to take him prisoner. When the news reached the ears of Mehmet II, the Turks dug a tunnel to the prison and freed him, making him work for their interests. Mehmet
Orban promised that it would produce a gun " even able to knock down the walls of Babylon " (a) , alluding to the destructive power of future weapon, so the Sultan placed at its disposal all necessary resources for keys out. The result was a cannon, surely more built up then, more than 8 feet long and weighing about 18 tons, capable of launching a projectile of about 550 kilos a mile (1,609 meters) and qu and has been knowing the name of " great bombard Turkish " .
The Turks have the artillery against Constantinople
Muhammad Part II of Constantinople to Edirne to Conquesta
Aparte of this part, the Turks built massively other smaller size, since Mehemed did install a smelter in Edirne, about 200 kms. Constantinople.
is estimated that about 100 guns were produced huge, of which 42 would be deployed later in 1462, on the strengths of the Dardanelles: 300 years later, in 1807, when Britain went to war with Turkey and a fleet of Royal Navy wanted to cross the Straits, the Turks some of these monsters loaded with propellant and projectiles contemporary and fired on British ships. To the surprise of the Turks themselves and blow away, the guns worked perfectly and some boats were hit, causing over 60 deaths among Britons.
Orban promised that it would produce a gun " even able to knock down the walls of Babylon " (a) , alluding to the destructive power of future weapon, so the Sultan placed at its disposal all necessary resources for keys out. The result was a cannon, surely more built up then, more than 8 feet long and weighing about 18 tons, capable of launching a projectile of about 550 kilos a mile (1,609 meters) and qu and has been knowing the name of " great bombard Turkish " .
The Turks have the artillery against Constantinople digital Recreation Total War II
The dog ng was completed and used against Constantinople, but had some shortcomings. For example, it took about three hours to recharge, making their rounds was slow, about 60 oxen were required for movement, between 200 and 400 men were employed in driving, paving the way, leading the animals and transporting spare parts and ammunition, said to be finally became unusable, at six weeks due to the strength of its own decline, although the latter only is satisfied by a letter from Archbishop Leonardo of Chios addressed to Pope Nicholas V (b) and a chronic posterior end of the s Russian . fifteenth or early sixteenth Повесть or взятии Царьграда (Narrative making Tsargrad) (c) 
Muhammad Part II of Constantinople to Edirne to Conquesta Edirne Kustama (1903) Fausto Zonar
Dolmabahçe Saray - Istanbul , Türkiye
Dolmabahçe Saray - Istanbul , Türkiye
Aparte of this part, the Turks built massively other smaller size, since Mehemed did install a smelter in Edirne, about 200 kms. Constantinople.
is estimated that about 100 guns were produced huge, of which 42 would be deployed later in 1462, on the strengths of the Dardanelles: 300 years later, in 1807, when Britain went to war with Turkey and a fleet of Royal Navy wanted to cross the Straits, the Turks some of these monsters loaded with propellant and projectiles contemporary and fired on British ships. To the surprise of the Turks themselves and blow away, the guns worked perfectly and some boats were hit, causing over 60 deaths among Britons.
Canyon Turkish Dardanelles. Gift Abdulaziz I to Queen Victoria of England in 1867
Royal Armouries at Fort Nelson -Portsmouth, England.
(a) Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium . New York: Vintage Books. pp. 374.
(b) Leonardo says Chios, Letter to Pope Nicholas V , he closed August 16, 1453 (edited by JPMigne su work in Patrologia Graeca 159, 923A-944B ).
(b) Leonardo says Chios, Letter to Pope Nicholas V , he closed August 16, 1453 (edited by JPMigne su work in Patrologia Graeca 159, 923A-944B ).
(c) Tsargrad , Slavic name of Constantinople. Not really refers to the name of the city itself, but appeals to the imperial or royal dignity thereof. It is a literal translation into Slavic Greek Βασιλὶς Πόλις - Basilis polis - where, as we saw in previous posts [ Annex 2 º note ( 1) ] Basilis refers to the person of the emperor, Caesar or tsar, tsar.
Russian This story is also known by Iskelander Chronicle, to assume that the original manuscript is the work of Nestor Iskelander, name on the manuscript in the Monastery (Lavra or Laura) Trinity S. Sergio, Троице-Сергиева Лавра, the chief of the Russian Orthodox Church . [ Terras, Victor [ed]. Handbook of Russian Literature . New Haven: Yale UP, 1985]
View Троице-Сергиева Лавра in the nineteenth century ( 5) The defending troops would be prepared as follows (a) :
Constantine and his troops grecobizantinas defend the Mesoteichion , section of the wall where it crossed the river by Lycos. This section was considered the most vulnerable.
Constantine and his troops grecobizantinas defend the Mesoteichion , section of the wall where it crossed the river by Lycos. This section was considered the most vulnerable.
Drawing - scheme and forces defenses Mesoteichon attackers.
Giovanni Giustiniani's Genoese Pera and would keep the door Charisius-Πύλη τοῦ Χαρίσιου-current Edirnekapi - (o of Poliandron-Πύλη τοῦ Πολυανδρίου-o Myriandron -Μυρίανδρν-names he was also known) north of Mesoteichion . Later, Constantine Giustiniani joined and left a remnant of troops under Bocchiardi siblings.
The Venetian Minotto and his men garrisoned the northwestern suburb Blachernae - Βλαχερναί - Along with the Byzantines Teodoro Caristo, brothers Leandro Langasco and Archbishop of Chios. Cataneo, another Genoese commander, kept the southern part of the west wall, and Theophilus Palaeologus Gate Spring-Πόρτα τῆς Πηγῆς, also south and near the Genoese Cataneo. The stretch of wall from there to the Golden Gate-Χρυσεία Πύλη-was protected by Genoese, led by a certain Manuel, and Venetians led by Filippo Contarini.
The south end and on the border of the Marmara, was defended by Demetrio Cantacuzenus. For las murallas que daban al mar los defensores se encontraban más esparcidos: Jacobo Contarini, hermano de Filippo, defendía el monasterio de Studion -Μονή Στουδίου - ayudado en su flanco izquierdo por los monjes y por el príncipe Orhan en el Puerto de Eleutherius. El aragonés Pere Juliá, con mesnadas almogávares y tropas genovesas, defendía el Gran Palacio. El cardenal Isidoro de Kiev guardaba el flanco del foro y marinos venecianos y genoveses, al mando de Gabriele Trevisano, las murallas que daban al sur de la entrada del Bósforo.
Los barcos anclados en la zona portuaria del Cuerno Gold, after the protective chain, were in command of the Genoese Alviso died.
Two bodies of troops were on standby, one near the Church of the Holy Apostles Άγιοι Απόστολοι-in-command of Nicephorus Palaeologus, and the other just on the walls retaguadia ground, led by Loukas Notaras , last mega-dux-de Contantinopla μέγας δούξ.
The Romans also had guns, though in far less quantity and, above all, of dimensions much smaller than Turkish. They also had Greek fire with , which kept away from the Turkish fleet [see note (7) the following entry].
Disposition of Byzantine troops
(with the names of the heads of each section)
The sum of all these troops would not exceed 8,000 men, many in which most historians agree.
According to a census that he ordered the Great Logothete Phrantzes (or Sprhrantzes), the number of men capable of wielding a weapon in the city (excluding foreigners) was 4983 (data that was pale to the emperor). Archbishop Leonardo of Chios gives the amount of 6,000 Greeks in his letter to the Pope.
not the case in terms of the number of Turks:
Modern estimates put the figure of 80,000 Turkish soldiers and between 6,000 and 10,000 Janissaries. These could be attached Slavs 1,500 cavalry sent by the Serbian despot Đurađ Branković as part of its tribute as a vassal of the Turks. This despot, curiously, had donated money to the Byzantines to strengthen and repair the wall months before the siege.
The Venetian Minotto and his men garrisoned the northwestern suburb Blachernae - Βλαχερναί - Along with the Byzantines Teodoro Caristo, brothers Leandro Langasco and Archbishop of Chios. Cataneo, another Genoese commander, kept the southern part of the west wall, and Theophilus Palaeologus Gate Spring-Πόρτα τῆς Πηγῆς, also south and near the Genoese Cataneo. The stretch of wall from there to the Golden Gate-Χρυσεία Πύλη-was protected by Genoese, led by a certain Manuel, and Venetians led by Filippo Contarini.
The south end and on the border of the Marmara, was defended by Demetrio Cantacuzenus. For las murallas que daban al mar los defensores se encontraban más esparcidos: Jacobo Contarini, hermano de Filippo, defendía el monasterio de Studion -Μονή Στουδίου - ayudado en su flanco izquierdo por los monjes y por el príncipe Orhan en el Puerto de Eleutherius. El aragonés Pere Juliá, con mesnadas almogávares y tropas genovesas, defendía el Gran Palacio. El cardenal Isidoro de Kiev guardaba el flanco del foro y marinos venecianos y genoveses, al mando de Gabriele Trevisano, las murallas que daban al sur de la entrada del Bósforo.
Los barcos anclados en la zona portuaria del Cuerno Gold, after the protective chain, were in command of the Genoese Alviso died.
Two bodies of troops were on standby, one near the Church of the Holy Apostles Άγιοι Απόστολοι-in-command of Nicephorus Palaeologus, and the other just on the walls retaguadia ground, led by Loukas Notaras , last mega-dux-de Contantinopla μέγας δούξ.
The Romans also had guns, though in far less quantity and, above all, of dimensions much smaller than Turkish. They also had Greek fire with , which kept away from the Turkish fleet [see note (7) the following entry].
Disposition of Byzantine troops (with the names of the heads of each section)
Likewise had approximately 26 ships, 5 of Venice, 5 of Genoa 3 of Venetian Crete, 1 of Aragon, 1 French, 1 of Ancona and about 10 Byzantines.
According to a census that he ordered the Great Logothete Phrantzes (or Sprhrantzes), the number of men capable of wielding a weapon in the city (excluding foreigners) was 4983 (data that was pale to the emperor). Archbishop Leonardo of Chios gives the amount of 6,000 Greeks in his letter to the Pope.
not the case in terms of the number of Turks:
Modern estimates put the figure of 80,000 Turkish soldiers and between 6,000 and 10,000 Janissaries. These could be attached Slavs 1,500 cavalry sent by the Serbian despot Đurađ Branković as part of its tribute as a vassal of the Turks. This despot, curiously, had donated money to the Byzantines to strengthen and repair the wall months before the siege.
The data we have from the authors of the period, but were eyewitnesses differ considerably from each other:
Nicolo Barbaro mentioned 160,000 (b) .
Jiacopo The Florentine merchant Tedaldi (c) Phrantzes and (d) speak of 200,000. Cardinal Isidore of Kiev (e) and Archbishop Leonardo (f) exaggerated to 300,000.
Nicolo Barbaro mentioned 160,000 (b) .
Jiacopo The Florentine merchant Tedaldi (c) Phrantzes and (d) speak of 200,000. Cardinal Isidore of Kiev (e) and Archbishop Leonardo (f) exaggerated to 300,000.
(a) Sir Steven Runciman - The Fall of Constantinople, 1965 pp. 92 to 94
(b) Nicolò Barbaro, Giornale di Costantinopoli dell'Assedio , 1453. The autograph copy is preserved in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice.
(c) Concasty, M.-L., Les «Informations» de Jacques Tedaldi sur le siège et la prise de Constantinople.
(d) Crónicas de Phrantzes, texto en griego recogido en Classicorum auctorum e Vaticanis codicibus editorum , tome IX, Romae 1837, pp 1-100
(e) Epistola reverendissimi patris domini Isidori cardinalis Ruteni scripta ad reverendissimum dominum Bisarionem episcopum Tusculanum ac cardinalem Nicenum Bononiaeque legatum (carta del Cardinal Isidoro al Cardinal Johannes Bessarion , fechada el 6 Julio 1453
(f) Leonardo di Chio, Charter (4b cit.) 927B: "... three hundred thousand or more ..."
(Continued next post)
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