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The Fall of Constantinople / Note 8 Part 2

(follow notes - 8)

~ The

"Tercera Roma" ~

Moscow Kremlin.
Vasnetsov, Apollinaris M. (1856-1933)
(Kremlim Moscovita. Vaznetsov, Apollinari Mikhailovich )

(8) La caída de Roma itself occurred in 476, when the warlord Odoacer hérulo deposed the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus, was crowned king of Italy and sent the imperial insignia to Constantinople. Since then, the territory of the Eastern Empire, from the division terra Romanorum would commonly called Romania and Constantinople the "Second Rome." In fall 1453, there were various claims made with imperial dignity and thus, the attempt to relocate the capital of the Roman to another place, "by various European nobles, who considered themselves heirs of the ancient Roman dynasty, and their marriages and for matters of religion. Before the fall of Constantinople, the tsar Stefan Uroš IV Dušan (1308-1355; Στέφανος Ντουσάν Greek) emperor of Serbia, Albania and Greece between 1345 and 1355, declined take upon themselves the title of Basileus Romanorum, having allied with John VI Cantacuzenus in the civil wars of Byzantium and proclaimed Patriarch of the Orthodox Church, taking over the Mount Athos. In any case, did not seek the change of capital, but wanted to be himself the Roman emperor, despite the capture of the small monastic republic was a clear statement of intent aimed to establish itself as the highest representative of the true cristinianismo .

Dušanov Zakonik - Dusan Code

Also a tsar, this time the Bulgarian Ivan Alexander (Wiki. English) (Bulgarian Иван Александър ) Emperor of Bulgaria between 1331 and 1371, claimed the eastern Roman throne, to be involved in the civil war itself as above, except that in the other side, the Anne of Savoy, regent and mother of John V Palaeologus. At first called for Tarnovo (capital of Bulgaria at the time) the name of "New Rome", as this was considered as the true defender of the Christian faith (a ). By invading the territories during such Byzantine civil war, claimed the title on the grounds that citizens Byzantine Adrianople (Edirne) had been hailed as Basilian upon its entrance into the city. He was expelled by the Turks, who had allied Cantacuzenus ( curious link: Radio Bulgaria-English- Tetraevangelio of Ivan Alexander ) .
But the most persistent complaint came from Russia, namely of Vasily II Vasiliyevich "El Ciego" (Russian Васильевич Тёмны Василий II) Grand Duke of Moscow (1425-1462) - and hence the whole Euro-Russian who claimed that Moscow was to be proclaimed as "Third Rome ." The reasons lie in the recognition of the pope's supreme authority over all Christians by the Patriarch of Constantinople, held in the Council of Florence the imminent threat of taking the city by the Turks. Vasily II rejected the decision and was quick to appoint a Patriarch of Russia Metropolitan Митрополит Иона, San Jonah (Iona) Muscovite Metropolitan - independent of Constantinople and highest authority of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Иона Московский

.

Древнерусское лицевое шитье, Патриаршее подворье.

(Iona Muscovite. Needlework Former Russian front. Inn of the Patriarchate.

Kremlin-Moscow)

Falling Constantinople and Russia remain the most powerful representative of the Orthodox Church, whereas than other non-Orthodox Christians and Jews and Muslims, living in heresy, strengthened the idea of \u200b\u200bbeing the Grand Prince of Moscow, the successor of the Byzantine emperor as a defender of the true faith and, therefore, the city should be the capital of Christianity.
His successor, Ivan III, pushed by the canonical Orthodox, defended the stance of his predecessor and power, particularly after his marriage to Sofia Palaeologus, daughter of Thomas Palaeologus, despot of Morea who claimed the throne of Byzantium because brother of the last emperor, Constantine XI, who Sophia was therefore niece marriage was suggested by Pope Paul II in an attempt to bring Russia to the Holy See, but the princess was welcomed to the Orthodox faith, contrary to expectations. Due to family tradition, Sophie imperialist ideas instilled her husband and imposed etiquette and customs of the Byzantine court in Moscow, which even adopted the double eagle as a logo.

works are started then the aggrandizement of the Kremlin, built several cathedrals around the palace. Between 1475 and 1479 is over the Cathedral of the Dormition-Успенский Собор, " uspeisky bribes" - that would be the crowning place of the Czars thereafter. Later, between 1484 and 1489 was erected the Cathedral of the Annunciation of Theotokos (b) - Благовещенский собор, "blagoveschenky bribes" - and in 1505 began the Cathedral the Archangel Miguel-Архангельский собор, "arkangelisky bribes" - which are buried a lot of great princes Moscow.
But perhaps la más significativa, aunque sin poseer dignidad episcopal, sea la Iglesia de la Deposición-Church Deposition of the Robe, "tserkov rieopolozheniya " . Esta iglesia es conocida también como "de la Toga de la Virgen".

Church Deposition of the Robe

Moscow Kremlin
(Church of the Deposition of the Robe of Mary Moscow Kremlin)

According to tradition, Jonah Muscovite laid the foundation stone of a church in the same place in 1450, with Grand Metropolitan Patriarch. Was destroyed by fire in 1473 and on its ruins was built today under the title of "Deposition of the Robe of St. Mary." This deposition is based on a semileyenda, according to which the gown or robe of the Virgin Mary saved in Palestine, was rescued from the hands of Muslims the Byzantines, the sV alredededor and taken to Constantinople. The gown would act as protection against invasions and fervently believed that Russia had done some miracles. For example, during the Russo-Byzantine 860, Pothier, patriarch of Constantinople spread the garments over the sea, exploding to the point a storm capsized the Russian ships.

Pothier extends over the sea Toga
Fresco, 1644

Temple of the Kremlin, Moscow.

Although the toga was not never deposited in Moscow (actually it is not known for sure if you ever came to Byzantium and, of course, if it belonged to the Virgin Mary) the erection of a Metropolitan Church under this title, was a significant signal that the desire for Moscow become vested the title of "New Rome." And finally put the icing on the monk Philothea (Filofei) of Pskov - Филофей Псков ский-important hegumen (abbot) of the monastery of the town, tells the Tsar Ivan III a letter in 1510:

Two Romes have fallen. The third remains. There will be no quarter. None
headquarters will replace your Christian Tsar!

However, the new occupants of Constantinople were not willing to renounce the rights acquired as invaders, conquerors. Under the terms of Mehmet II, he was the new Roman emperor, proclaiming Kayser-i Rum, literally "Caesar of Rome." Sultan's policy focused on erecting a Third Rome in Istanbul: the first had been political, the second Christian and now he founded the Islamic Rome. His successors continued to consider heirs of the Roman Empire and note the curious case of Suleiman the Magnificent, who, referring to Charles V, the then Holy Roman Emperor, which he described as "king" and not as emperor, considered the Turkish title of your property.

The basis on which Mehmet II established political system lasted until 1922, the Ottoman Empire gave way to the Republic of Turkey, moving the capital from Istanbul to Ankara as a given schema change and ideology by the new Turkish leadership, as if staying in the old Constantinople itself meant to keep the idea of \u200b\u200bimperialism.

Osmanli library Kartposta l - 14
(Courtesy of Denizcilik Muhteşem Tarihimiz

Besitkas, Istanbul-Türkiye )

With this ideological background and the expansionist interests of both states, Russia and Turkey were involved in various conflicts and wars for nearly the next 5 (!) centuries, which contributed significantly to the weakening and disappearance of the Ottoman Empire.

Osmanli Stock Kartposta l - 219
(Courtesy of Denizcilik Muhteşem Tarihimiz.
Besitkas, Istanbul-Türkiye )

[ Comment: The Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich and visit the sultan in the Dolmabahçe Sarayıl before the First World War, where both countries contended (of course) on opposite sides]

Anecdotally, the title of "New Rome, wanted to use in other times and places, cases of Paris of Louis IVX or Napoleon III, or Benito Mussolini, claiming "Fascist Rome" and the third, after the Imperial and Christian ( speech December 31, 1925 ).

seems clear that, in effect, the fall of Constantinople marked the end and beginning, respectively, of two periods of history very different and there can be little argument about the correctness of its use as a milestone marking the to the Middle Ages.

link гoлoc POCC ия - "The Voice of Russia ".

(a) During his reign there were several religious persecution, seeking to strengthen the supremacy of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Promoted anti heresies two councils, one in 1350 and again between 1359-60, where they were convicted of various sects, for the bogomils , the Adamites and j udaizantes (on these latter, see Gal. 2, 14 ).

Also during his reign became widely the Hesychasm or , one of the most representative proponents of this movement Theodore Tarnovo (the latter link, for those who know or can translate Bulgarian)

(b) Theotokos, Θεοτόκος literally "to stop God, ed the Mother of God. The above gown of Mary, they said, was used by the Virgin in this title, que atañe a la naturaleza humana de Cristo.

Uspensky Cathedral (1475-1479)
Catedral de la Dormición
Aristotele Fioravanti - Aristotle Fioravanti

primate Peter Cathedral
Catedral del preboste Pedro
Aloisio Il Novo - Alevi is Frya is Ying (New)

Archangel Cathedral (1505-1508)
Catedral del Arcángel

Aloisio Il Novo - Alevi is Frya is Ying (New)



Troitskaya Tower (1495)
Torre de la Trinidad
Alosio da Milano-Aleviz "Fryazin" Milanese

Vodovzvodnaya bashnya (1488)
Torre Vodovzvodnaya
Antonio Gilardi - Antonio Dzhilardi


Taynitskaya bashnya (1485)
Torre Taynitskaya
Antonio Gilardi - Antonio Dzhilardi

Borovitskaya Tower (1490)
Torre Borovitskaya
Marco Rufo - Marco Ruffo


Annunciation Tower (1487 -88)
Torre Blagoveschenskaya
Marco Rufo - Marco Ruffo


Constantine and Helen Tower (1490)
Torre Konstantino-Yeleninskaya
Marco Rufo - Marco Ruffo

Nabatnaya tower (1495)
Torre Nabatnaya
¿?

Average Arsenal Tower (1495)
Torre Spednayaya Arsenaliaya
¿?


Armory tower (1495)
Torre Oruzyeinaya
¿?


Beklemishev Tower Tower (1487-88)
Torre Beklemiskaya
Marco Rufo - Marco Ruffo

Senate Tower (1491)
Torre Sepatskaya
Pietro Antonio Solari - Pietro Antonio Solari


Nicholas Tower (1491)
Torre Nikolskaya
Pietro Antonio Solari - Pietro Antonio Solari


Arsenal corner tower (1492)
Torre Arsenalnaya Uglovaya (" de la esquina del arsena l")
Pietro Antonio Solari - Pietro Antonio Solari

Faceted Chamber (1485-1501)

(Palacio de las Facetas)

Marco Rufo y Pietro Antonio Solari -

Marco Ruffo and Pietro Antonio Solari

Novodevichy Convent in Moscow (1524)
(Monasterio de Novodevichy, Moscú )

Foto Cloverpal , London-England

Moscow Kremlin. View from the Moscow River.

(Kremlim de Moscú. Vista aérea desde el río Moscova)

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